Financial Upheavals. Financial crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Upheavals. Financial crisis - Essay Example The aftermaths of any such business cycle may vary from being modest to remorseless hinging upon its magnitude and continuance. History show that the American economy has moved through periods of boom, recession and recovery. The years 1837, 1893 and 1929 help retrace the occurrence of three major depressions in United States (Calomiris 2010). The downturns of 1857, 1873, and 1907 are also referred in the history books (Rothbard 2002). The America of 1819 and the financial crisis its people went through was only the first of speculative cacoethes which is America's true national interest (Maloney 2009). But then again, the Great Recession of 2008 is the latest financial turmoil in the United States, the twinges of which are still being sensed. Both these financial upheavals resemble one another with respect to their causes and consequences. For instance, they headed to extended bank failures, loan foreclosures, high unemployment rates and a depression in manufacturing sector. The cau ses of the panic of 1819 can be assigned to the economic system of the United States (Rothbard 2002). The panic of 1819 ended the tremendous economic expansion that occurred after the War of 1812. Rampant inflation, debtors’ relief which was constantly associated with monetary strategies and a protective tariff on imports worked as a pivotal point in creating the situation of panic in the US at that time. Whereas, the oncoming of the Recession of 2008 can be assigned to complicated and interconnected constituents. Sub-prime loans, lax financial regulation, loose monetary policy and global instabilities collectively induced the latest financial upheaval that caused entire world staggering. This suggests that there were more than one element that sparked off the two financial upheavals discussed above. Among those major causal elements, monetary policy played a key role to trigger the financial turmoils. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast these two historic fi nancial upheavals; the earliest and the latest to have rocked the United States of America with special emphasis on the role of the monetary policy in each case. The Panic of 1819 The major causes of the panic of 1819 were delved within the US economy. Similar to so much of what is disastrous to civilized society, the Panic of 1819 had been produced in the violent agitation particularly of the War of 1812. The young American economy confronted many rapid breakdowns that were brought by the War of 1812 and its consequences. United States previously had been a big country with a thin population of around seven million which were mostly committed solely to agriculture. Many agricultural products such as wheat, cotton, and tobacco were exported across borders, although the residual of the agricultural products was mostly consumed by self-sustaining rural families. Public debt held by Americans during the war of 1812 induced the prices rise throughout the United States. At that time, the monetary system of the country was not advance or highly-developed. The American banks were restricted almost entirely to the cities and their tools and methods to run the economy inclined to be lax with insignificant Government control. The reality, that most banks and other institutions of that era had to acquire their position by exceptional legislative charter, tempted inquisitive and high-risk misuses through exerting force on the legislature. All this resulted in an inadequacy of uniformity in administering banks within and among states. The emergence of the First Bank of the United States had regulated the banks towards uniformity until the year 1811. Irresponsible and mismanaged banking system had played a crucial role in creating that panic. From 1811 to

Argument Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument Response - Essay Example The point of bilingual education in part is to ease the transition of students whose first language is not English into the school setting, and while it might accomplish this goal, it leaves the students with more difficulty in the long run. As Le points out, it leaves the students inept in both languages to a certain degree. Le’s main audience seems to be non-minority citizens who might be voting in regards to bilingual schooling. He seems to be of the opinion that the push for bilingual schooling comes just as much from these English speaking citizens who feel that they should attempt to preserve the culture of non-English speaking students in schools. Le is of the opinion that one should learn one’s native language and culture in home and not in school. There is also the difficulty of determining which second language should the subjects be taught in. Though the majority of non-English speaking students in the US might speak Spanish, there would still be some school districts where the majority of non-English speaking students might speak Chinese or some other language. The question then becomes how school districts can have any sort of regularity to them if they are all teaching in different languages. When all of the particular needs of every single group is attempted to be accommodate d for, nobody ends up with what they really need. As far as points that Le made that weren’t as strong, he first points out English as being a difficult subject to learn. First, this is a matter of opinion, and isn’t necessarily true. English does not have gendered nouns which make languages such as Spanish, French, and German difficult for English speakers. That doesn’t even begin to touch on the difficulty of learning a tone language such as Chinese. Secondly, it is not so much the language itself as it is the spelling system. English is in need of a spelling

Theories In First Language Acquisition English Language Essay

Theories In First Language Acquisition English Language Essay Since, the second language is an additional language after we acquire the first language, the L2 learning process can be influenced by the L1 learning process This essay will demonstrate the similarities and differences in L1 and L2 acquisition by discussing various theories. Then, draw a conclusion based on the evidence provided and my own experience. Definition First Language Acquisition First Language Acquisition or also known as the Child Language Acquisition is a process whereby children from infancy through early school years acquire their first languages (Lightbown Spada, 2006). The term First Language Acquisition or FLA can be referred to the field that investigates the process by which children develop to use words and sentences in their first language, to communicate with other people (Dictionary of Sociolinguistics, 2004). Second Language Acquisition According to a Dictionary of Sociolinguistics (2004), the term Second Language Acquisition or SLA can be referred to the academic discipline that investigate the process of human when learning second language (L2) or additional languages other than the first language. It involves the ability of people to use and develop a complex system of sound, word, sentence structure, and meaning of any non-native language (Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, 2005). It also tries to understand factors such as environment, individual differences, and social aspect which can be crucial factors underlining the acquire of second language (Ortega, 2009). Theories in First Language Acquisition Various theories and approaches have been developed over the past years attempting to study and analyze how do children acquire their mother tongue. This essay will identify two main theories that explain the learning process of the childs first language: Behaviourism and Nativist or Innateness theory. Behaviourism The behaviorism theory assumes how do children speak that children imitate what they hear, and then continue with positive support, children learn language through conditioning and habit formation (Ellis, 2008). According to B.F. Skinner and his colleagues (Gass Larry, 2008), learning or a change of behaviour on the part of the learner, is brought about by a process known as operant conditioning which is the result of repeated training. Operant means voluntary behaviour which is the result of learners own free-will and is not forced by any outsider or thing (Ortega, 2009). The learner will demonstrate the new behaviour first as a response to a system of a reward or punishment, and finally it will become an automatic response. Behaviourists believe that learning a language is no different from learning anything else. It becomes a habit by the stimulus-response-reinforcement-repetition process (Cook, 2001). The behaviourists also claim that we learn by imitation and by association (Lightbown Spada, 2006). However, psycholinguists argue that imitation is not enough because it is not only the mechanical repetition but also natural exposure that children acquire language (Cook, 2001). Therefore, from the behaviourist approach, language acquisition can be seen as a stimulus-response process. Children learn language by immitation and analogy. The roles of imitation, repetition, reinforcement, and motivation are essential in learning the language. The First Language Acquisition is thus the result of nature which based on practicing. Nativist or Innateness theory Unlike the behaviourist approach that does not take into consideration the childs own cognitive processes, the Innateness Hypothesis proposed by linguist Noam Chomsky supports the idea that language acquisition has a biological foundation (Ortega, 2009). He claims that children learn their first languages through cognitive learning and acquires them by natural exposure (Ortega, 2009). That means both nature and nurture influence the acquisition of language in children. He hypothesized that children are born with a specific innate ability to discover for themselves the underlying rules of a language system on the basis of the samples of a natural language they are exposed to (Lightbown Spada, 2006). This innate endowment was seen as a sort of template, containing the principles that are universal to all human beings. This is called Universal Grammar (UG). As defined by Chomsky (1976, as cited by Cook, 2001 pp181-182) Universal Grammar is the system of principles, conditions, and rule s that are elements or properties of all human languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the essence of human language. According to Chomsky, there are principles, which allow or prevent a specific structure from occurring in all human languages, and parameters, which govern ways in which human languages differ, usually expressed as a limited choice between two options (Cook, 2001). These principles and parameters are built in the human mind. In other words, children have an innate faculty that instructs them while learning of language (Mitchell and Myles, 2004: 33). Chomsky also introduced the Language Acquisition Device or LAD to explain that there is some innate mental capacity which help the children to process all the languages they hear since they were born (Cook, 2001). Thus, from the innatist approach, language is an innate or in-born process. Children learn language by application. It argued that language learning is not a behavior but a specific mental process and emphasized on the important role of exposure to language. Theories in Second Language Acquisition Behaviourism Behaviourism gave birth to a stimulus-response (S-R) theory which sees language as a set of structures and acquisition as a matter of habit formation (Larsen-Freeman Long, 1991). By ignoring any internal mechanisms, it takes into account the linguistic environment and the stimuli it produces. It is suggested that learning is an observable behaviour which is automatically acquired by means of stimulus and response in the form of mechanical repetition. Thus, to acquire a language is to acquire automatic linguistic habits. According to Johnson (2004), [B]ehaviorism undermined the role of mental processes and viewed learning as the ability to inductively discover patterns of rule-governed behavior from the examples provided to the learner by his or her environment. Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991) consider that S-R models offer little promises as explanations of SLA, except for perhaps pronunciation and the rote-memorization of formulae. This view of language learning emerged research on contrastive analysis, especially error analysis (Ortega, 2009) . It has the main focus of which is the interference of ones first language in the target language. According to Ellis (2008), an important reaction to behaviourism was the interlanguage studies, as the simple comparison between first and second language neither explained nor described the language produced by L2 learners. In this essay, interlanguage studies will be excluded as the concern of the area has been mainly with the acquisition of grammatical morphemes or specific language structures. Universal grammar theory According to Cook (2001), as a counterpoint to the environmental perspective, Chomskys followers try to understand SLA in the light of his universal grammar (UG) theory, a human innate endowment. Chomsky is interested in the nature of language and sees language as a mirror of the mind (Gass Selinker, 2008). Although he is not concerned with SLA, his work has been influencing studies in this area. According to his theory, it can be seen that every human being is biologically endowed with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which is responsible for the initial state of language development. The UG theory considers that the input from the environment is insufficient to account for language acquisition. In the same perspective, White (2003:22) says that [I]f it turns out that the L2 learner acquires abstract properties that could not have been induced from the input, this is strongly indicative that principles of UG constrain interlanguage grammars, parallel to the situation of L1 ac quisition. As Mitchel and Myles (2004:94) remind us, The universal Grammar approach is only interested in the learner as a processor of a mind that contains language and not as a social being. Comprehension hypothesis Influenced by Chomskys assumptions on language as an innate faculty, Krashen developed an influential proposal to explain SLA which he first named as monitor model with emphasis on the contrast between learning and acquisition, then called it the input hypothesis (Krashen 1978, cited in Lightbown Spada, 2006). It focuses on the data which feed acquisition, and more recently, comprehension hypothesis emphasizing the mental process as responsible for acquisition (Ellis, 2008). According to Krashen (2004:1), [T]he Comprehension Hypothesis is closely related to other hypotheses. The Comprehension Hypothesis refers to subconscious acquisition, not conscious learning. The result of providing acquirers with comprehensible input is the emergence of grammatical structure in a predictable order. A strong affective filter, such as high anxiety, will prevent input from reaching those parts of the brain that promote language acquisition (Cook, 2001). According to Lightbown and Spada (2006), Kra shens model views acquisition in a linear perspective which not only establishes a cause and effect relationship between input and acquisition but also states that the grammatical structure is acquired in a predictable order. Nonetheless, like in the other theories discussed so far, his theory does not go beyond the acquisition of grammatical structures. Krashens model lacks research evidence. As Cook (2001) points out it makes sense in its own terms but is not verifiable. Interaction theory Other attempts to explain SLA are the different versions of the interaction hypothesis defended by Hatch (1978) and by Long (1981, 1996), who did not accept Krashens Input Hypothesis. Both Hatch and Long consider that input alone is not sufficient to explain SLA. Hatch disagrees that learners first learn structures and then use them in discourse. Hatch considers the reverse possibility. One learns how to do conversation, one learns how to interact verbally, and out of this interaction syntactic structures are developed (Harch, 1978 p. 404). Based on an empirical study, Long (1981) observed that in conversations between native and non-native speakers, there are more modifications in interaction than in the input provided by the native speakers. Long does not reject the positive role of modified input, but claims that modifications in interactions are consistently found in successful SLA. Long (1996) suggests that negotiation for meaning, especially negotiation work that triggers inter actional adjustments by the NS or more competent interlocutor, facilitates acquisition because it connects input, internal learner capacities, particularly selective attention, and output in productiveways. However, Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991) argue that the interactionist views are more powerful than other theories because they invoke both innate and environmental factors to explain language learning. Similarities and Differences between FLA and SLA Age: a key factor differentiate L1 from L2 Age can be regarded as another key factor displaying the differences between L1 and L2 acquisition. Since, in the L1 acquisition, children normally complete the process by four to six years old, while the age range in acquiring the L2 can be varied wildly (Ortega, 2009). Moreover, according to Ellis (2008), age is recognized as being important owing to the assumption that older learners tend to be less successful in regard to SLA than younger learners, which may be owing to the fact that target-language norms do not pose as much of a threat to younger learners identities. However, there are two issues that many theorists have been arguing about the relationship between age and L2 acquisition. That the age effect can be approached from biological explanations or from non-biological explanations (Ortega, 2009). From the biological perspective (Gass Selinker, 2008), there is the Critical Period Hypothesis in L2 learning which is proposed by Penfield and Roberts (1959) and Lenneberg (1967). On the other hand, from the non-biological perspective, some researchers have emphasized on the influence of socio-educational and affective-motivational forces (Ortega, 2009).

Career Biography of John Locke Essay examples -- John Locke Philosophe

English philosopher, who founded the school of empiricism. Locke was born in the village of Wrington, Somerset, on August 29, 1632. He was educated at the University of Oxford and lectured on Greek, rhetoric, and moral philosophy at Oxford from 1661 to 1664. In 1667 Locke began his association with the English statesman Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of Shaftesbury, to whom Locke was friend, adviser, and physician. Shaftesbury secured for Locke a series of minor government appointments. In 1669, in one of his official capacities, In 1675, after the liberal Shaftesbury lost is power, Locke went to France. In 1679 he returned to England, but in view of his opposition to the Roman Catholicism favored by the English monarchy at that time, he soon found it expedient to return to France. From 1683 to 1688 he lived in Holland, and following the so-called Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the restoration of Protestantism to favor, Locke returned once more to England. The new king, William III, appointed Locke to the Board of Trade in 1696, a position from which he resigned because of ill health in 1700. He died in Oates on October 28, 1704. Empiricism Locke's empiricism emphasizes the importance of the experience of the senses in pursuit of knowledge rather than speculation or reasoning. The empiricist doctrine was first developed by the English philosopher sir Francis Bacon early in the 17th century, but Locke organized his ideas in an article in 1690 called Essay Concerning ...

Management: Hamburger and Traditional Dishes Essay

Questions 1. What opportunities and threats did McDonald’s face? How did it handle them? What alternatives could it have chosen? Ans: Opportunities: This wonderful phrase echoes around the world 50 million times a day, in 30,000 locations, in multitude of languages, in more than 120 countries around the globe. And this simple thought sums up the reason McDonald’s has become the best known and most popular quick service restaurant around the world, quite a tribute to Ray Kroc, who founded this company nearly 50 years ago with the simple vision expressed by his phrase ‘Take good care of those who work for you, and you will float to greatness on their achievements’ Threats: The threats to McDonald’s domestically are the lack of growth opportunities. The market is well saturated, and it would difficult to achieve double-digit growth. Other concerns are a newfound emphasis on healthier eating. But I feel the key threat to McDonald’s continued success. Because McDonald’s are everywhere, the dining experience is never special. And as Baby Boomers age and become more affluent, it is likely that they will leave behind their fast-food ways, if only to step up to moderately priced restaurants like Olive Garden, KFC and Pizzeria Uno. These chains have the added advantage of serving higher-margin alcoholic drinks. McDonald’s, meanwhile, has to continually battle Burger King and Wendy’s, which leads to an erosion of margins for everyone. Even alliances with toy manufacturers, while popular with consumers, do little for the bottom line because the cost to run these promotions can be quite expensive. How to handle them: McDonald’s faces some difficult challenges, the best solutions for them are: * Key to its future success will be maintaining its core strengths. * Unwavering focus on quality and consistency. * McDonald’s management organized a successful plan and also implement the plan. * McDonalds should provide traditional dishes. * The company could also look into expanding more aggressively abroad where the prospects for significant growth are greater. * McDonalds should distribute free sample in different offices and colleges. Alternatives: * McDonald’s is actively trying to reduce their negative impact on the environment by altering their company policies. * They have the ability to add healthier lines of food. * McDonalds should provide bonus to his employees for better performance. * McDonalds should decrease its prices in that country where per capita is very low. * McDonalds provide traditional dishes to their customers. 3. What is McDonald’s basic philosophy? How does it enforce this philosophy and adapt to different environments? Ans: McDonald’s main philosophy is to be the major player in the food services around the world. It achieves this philosophy by its highly professional management which keeps an eye on everything. Their planning and strategies are more customer driven then advertisement and moreover their food is what gives them edge over others. The management provides food according to the demand of its customer and its environment. For example: for Muslim countries their menu is according to their religious laws, for Japan where burgers are a snack, McDonald’s provide them accordingly. 4. Should McDonald’s expand its menu? If you say no, then why not? If you say yes, what kinds of products should it add? Ans: Yes, According to my view, McDonald’s satisfies the whole concept of fast food. It provides a vast range of edibles starting from different sort of burgers, snacks, different coffees, milkshakes, ice creams, pastas and even pizzas but it also provide some type of traditional dishes so that the people which do not likes these things will enjoy the traditional ones. 5. Why is McDonald’s successful in many countries around the world? Ans: In the present day – we all lead a very hectic lifestyle cramping our lives with endless things to do and accomplish. Gone are the days when meals were cooked and served in households three times a day, instead, the youth live on pre-cooked micro waved meals and fast food. We want food and we want it fast. This was essence for the rise of McDonald’s. Another reason is that McDonald’s management contributed for this huge success. It perform all five managerial skills very well and efficiently. They started from scratch but they are now a great player in food services. Their food, management , advertisement, pucks, highly equipped franchises(having sofas, chairs, Wi-Fi connections, etc) all make them best in the market and they stand out by giving edge now to its competitors in every respect.

Death of a Salesman Essay Essay

The play ‘Death Of A Salesman’, the brainchild of Arthur Miller was transformed and fitted to the movie screen in the year 1986. The play itself is set in the house of Willy Loman, and tells the melancholy story of a salesman whom is in deep financial trouble, and the only remedy for the situation is to commit suicide. In the stage production of this tale, the specific lighting, set, and musical designs really give the story a strong undertow of depression. And logically the screen and stage productions both differ greatly in regards to the mood they set. Moreover the movie production can do many things that just cannot be done on stage, with reference to the setting of course. To generalize, the play gives us a good hard look at the great American Dream failing miserably. However the combination of both the stage and screen productions accurately depict the shortcomings of the capitalist society. Death of a Salesman specifically focuses on four characters, the first being the main character Willy Loman, his wife Linda, and their two sons Hap and Biff Loman. As mentioned, the focal point of this play is Willy Loman, a salesman in his early sixties. Throughout the story we are told the hard life, emotions and triumphs of Willy the salesman. Early in the play we learn that he has recently been demoted to working for commission, which later in the play,(on par with his luck) translates into Willy getting fired. As the plot unfolds we discover that Willy had a rich brother who recently died named Ben, whom Willy looked upon with great admiration for becoming extremely wealthy and the ripe old age of 21. However Willy also becomes very depressed when Ben leaves, the fact being that he re-realizes the meagerness of his own life, and that he is still making payments on all of his possessions. Willy then comprehends that by the time his worldly possessions are paid for†¦they shall no longer be of any use. For example, the Loman house has become virtually unnecessary now that the two sons have moved out. It isn’t until after Willy’s death that the final mortgage payment is made†¦.for a house with no one inside it. The one example of this statement is given by Linda during the final paragraph of the play, ‘I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear. And there will be nobody home. We’re free and clear†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.we’re free†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.we’re free†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦we’re free’ As the plot thickens, Willy the salesman plummets deeper and deeper into depression until his most likely route of action, which of course is suicide. However the reasoning behind this course of action, we find, is his genuine love for his family, along with Willy’s deep longing to supply his family with as much money as he can possibly get his hands on. As we learn more about Willy’s trials and tribulations, the age old expression ‘like father like son’ appears out of nowhere like a beacon. Like his father, Willy’s son Biff also has some problems of his own, the main one being that Biff cannot seem to find his niche in life. Furthermore, we are told that Biff at one point did in fact have his future all planned out. It turns out that Biff was a shoe-in for a position on the University Of Virginia State football team. However, that chance was all but lost when Biff did not qualify to pass his final mathematics course. Now as you can imagine the fact that Biff had to explain this to his father was quite a large problem in itself. But to add insult to injury, when Biff made the trip to Boston to explain his mathematical dilemma, he is horrified to find that his father has been with another women. And this one incident would leave Biff being an entirely different person altogether. He didn’t even make an attempt to finish his math in summer school. After Boston, Biff couldn’t have cared less what happened to his own life. However, as is in life, out of something horrible comes something worthy. And Biff finally comes to the realization that he in fact wants to make his future. And that future entails working in the outdoors on a farm. The other reasoning behind this life decision is of course, is to go against the wishes and values that his father has tried to instill in Biff his entire life. Biff pours his heart to his brother Hap one quarter through act I. †¦..’To devote your whole life to keeping stock, or making phone calls, or selling or buying. To suffer fifty weeks a year for the sake of a two week vacation, when all you really desire is to be outdoors, with your shirt off †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Fortunately for Biff, he determines his future by the play’s conclusion. He comes to the understanding that he and Willy were never meat to be business men. Including that they were intended to be working on a farm with their hands. And after vexing to procure Hap to come with him (which is to no avail), he escapes from his home to continue on with the rest of his life. Which for Biff seems to be the soundest choice, the decision that Willy just couldn’t make. Hap on the other hand stays with his father, and at play’s end decides to follow in Willy’s footsteps. That of course is to succeed at business at all costs. Both the stage and screen rendition utilize a melange of distinct effects to set the tone and to enact the specific place where the action transpires. For example the stage interpretation utilizes a unique convention that involves walking through the set to delineate circumstances in the past, or episodes going on inside the mind of Willy. This illusion can be easily created with specific crossfades and musical underlay, and of course willing suspension of disbelief. Divergently, in the screen production the set is obviously utilized in a completely different manner. On that account the movie uses a distinct fading and brightening lighting technique, that still stays true to the conventions set forth by the playwright. The one device that the screen production contains that the stage does not, is the ability to display the past events of Willy’s life in a completely accurately set manner. Meaning when there is a flashback to a previous happening, the setting travels back in time as well. Which, from a certain perspective, better illustrates the past recollections of Willy and his family. As mentioned the stage production successfully employs music to delineate certain characters or the tone of that particular instant. There is in fact music used in the movie, however it is only a small aspect of the screen medium whereas it is an integral component of the stage version. Although you cannot fully comprehend the importance of the music by simply reading the play, it must be performed right in front of you.. While the movie gives you a generally decent feel for the musical intonation. In its entirety the music does an excellent job of setting the mood that Willy is in. The play is set inside the house of Willy Loman. Surrounding his house are some tall building that are quite visible on the edges of the set. The house itself contains two bedrooms, a living room and a kitchen. This is also where the majority of the action of the play takes place. All other action happens outside the house lines. Which for a stage audience requires them to suspend their disbelief even further. Whereas in a movie the viewer isn’t required to stretch any of his or her imaginations. Although this particular screen production utilized a uncommon convention that allowed the viewer to actually see through the set. One other interesting convention used by the designer was that there was no roof on the house at certain times during the performance. And in place of the roof were huge buildings and skyscrapers. These buildings were used to divulge a over-powering feeling of gloom. This tool is much more effectual in the movie, due to its original and abstract nature. This was also was very helpful during Willy’s dreams, on account of the house would exude an aura of peace an tranquillity. Together with the prevalent set in the movie, (where there is a roof and normal fencing), the idea is very well perceived. In spite of the fact that this play has been described as a modern tragedy, there has been some controversy to that description. The reason being that it does not accompany the standard protocol of tragedy. Traditionally speaking, a tragedy usually begins with the main character in the midst of a prominent position of piety. And over the course of the play becomes transformed and that character flips to a lower level of status. A tragedy is also reputed to acquaint its audience with regard to life. The audience should leave a tragedy feeling virtuous about themselves, even though the tragedy concludes on a note of melancholy. This is why scholars say they cannot include this play in the definition of tragedy. This famous tale of a salesman contains a singular main character; Willy (The Salesman)Loman, his two strapping young lads Happy and Biff, and of course his adoring wife Linda. Willy struggles to climb his way up the American capitalist hierarchy, but its seems his ship will not come in. In spite of the fact that Willy would much rather be laboring with his hands, he is set  in the mindset that his real love could never make enough money. Disappointment after disappointment Willy decides that his only way to provide for his family would be to commit suicide. The number one son of the salesman, Biff, is paving his way for a discouraging life. Symbolically speaking, the character of Biff represents Willy at a younger age, for they both carry the same characteristics. However Biff is given the same chance to do something with his life, and surprisingly enough he takes it. As for Willy’s other son, Happy decides that he will take the same long, hard road as his father, only he t hinks that he’ll make it. The Character of Willy Loman seem to be the consummate model to illustrate the dissension of the American capitalist ideals. For example he is a salesman who dons an aged suit that is ceaselessly creased during the course of the screen production, moreover in the script is directed to appear dilapidated. He drive an archaic, run down vehicle on the brink of extinction. While on the contrary, a proper salesman must appear presentable and attractive to market his goods. And Willy definitely does not harmonize with the ideals of being a salesman, divergently he pains to match it. Moreover that is the reason why he doesn’t belong inside the world of business. As exemplified in the passage made by Biff in the requiem. ‘When he’d come from a trip; or on Sundays, making the stoop†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.You know something Charley, there’s more of him in that front stoop than in all the sales he ever made.’ This story seems to epitomize the frivolity of agonizing to achieve something as insignificant as money and power. It definitely makes one question the social values of the American capitalist system, and why certain individual continue to pursue the ideals of that system on a daily basis. For the downside to the capitalist dream is hopelessness. And that downside is more than apparent in the Loman family. Quote on page one: Death of A Salesman, Arthur Miller, Viking Penguin Inc. 1949, Pg.139 Quote on page two: Death of A Salesman, Arthur Miller, Viking Penguin Inc. 1949, Pg.22 Quote on page four: Death of A Salesman, Arthur Miller, Viking Penguin Inc. 1949, Pg.138

Organization Study at Sarathy Motors Kollam Essays

Organization Study at Sarathy Motors Kollam Essays Organization Study at Sarathy Motors Kollam Essay Organization Study at Sarathy Motors Kollam Essay AN ORGANIZATION STUDY AT SARATHY MOTORS, KOLLAM A report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of Master of Business Administration (CSS) of Kerala University Submitted by ASWIN M (Register No: 1105612) Under the guidance of Faculty guide Project guide Mrs. ANJU MURALEEDARAN Mrs. DEEPA M Institute of Management of Kerala University of Kerala Kundara September 2012 DECLARATION I, Aswin M, hereby declare that the project report titled â€Å"Organizational Study at Sarathy Motors in Kollam District has been done by me under the guidance of Mrs. Anju Muraleedaran , Faculty member of Institute Of Management, Kundara centre, University Of Kerala, I also declare that this project report had not been submitted by me, as fully or partially, for the award of any degree or diploma. Place: Kundara Aswin M Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I thank Almighty God for all his blessing and for giving me strength, wisdom, and presence of mind in successfully completing this project. I would also like to thank G. Rajesh, Coordinator IMK Kundara, for giving an opportunity to experience a working environment of Sarathy Motors. I am grateful to my faculty guide Anju Muraleedaran for his great support for doing my work. I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Mrs. Deepa M, HR Manager, Sarathy Motors for her helpful attitude to me. Finally I would like to thank all those who encouraged me in the completion of my project report. Aswin M LIST OF CONTENTS SL. NO| CHAPTER NAME| PAGE NO. | 1. | INTRODUCTION| 1-5| 2. | INDUSTRY PROFILE| 7-24| 3. COMPANY PROFILE| 25-33| 4. | ORGANISATION STRUCTURE| 35| 5. | ANALYSIS – OBJECT WISE| 36-62| 6. | SWOT ANALYSIS, PEST PORTER’S FIVE FORCE MODEL ANALYSIS| 63-72| 7. | FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS ANDCONCLUSION| 73-76| 8| BIBLIOGRAPHYAPPENDIX| 77-80| LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS SL NO| TABLE/CHART| PAGE NO| 1| ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE| 35| 2| STRUCTURE OF HR DEPARTMENTS| 38| 3| STRUCTURE OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT| 46| 4| STRUCTURE OF SPARE DEPARTMENT| 49| 5| STRUCTURE OF SALES AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT| 54| 6| STRUCTURE OF SERVICE DEPARTMENT| 58|

Lords of the flies essays

Lords of the flies essays The story is about a group of English schoolboys who are plane-wrecked on a deserted island. At first, the stranded boys cooperate, attempting to gather food, make shelters, and maintain signal fires. Later Ralph, he started to act up and boss people around thinking hes the king of the island. Piggy, Ralph's over weighted, sidekick who pretty much the only one that listens to Ralph. When Ralph tries to order people around. The boys would rather swim, play, or hunt the island's wild pig population. Soon Ralph's rules are being ignored or dont even notice Ralph existed. Ralphs competition is Jack, the redheaded leader of the pig hunters, who manages to lure away many of the boys to join him. The situation changes when Ralph discovers that instead of being hunters, he and Piggy have become the ones being hunted. The novel tells about competition between two different groups and who will become the leader at the end. Overall, the story was pretty good. However it was confusing to start, I got used to reading it as I went along, which took a while. I like the style when I got use to it. I think the writing really related to what were studying in American History. It explains how society was made, it starts with people, they make rules and form an economy, and there are leaders and followers, the ones that think and ones that work. Like in US history, something happens and society falls apart, like the great depression. It is interesting to see how a group of boys can go from being so orderly to turn into competition against each other. This has a lot of suspense in it, lots of detail, and didnt feel like some fairy tale. The book contained great amounts of violence to kids fighting against each other. When I read the book, it made me think of the shootings that happened lately. When the media said that the kids were influenced by violent video games, music and Hitler to the shootings, I would say this b ...

The Commonly Confused Words Bathos and Pathos

The Commonly Confused Words Bathos and Pathos The words bathos and pathos are related in meaning as well as in sound, but theyre not interchangeable. Definitions The noun bathos refers to an abrupt and often ludicrous transition from the elevated to the ordinary (a form of anticlimax), or to an excessively sentimental demonstration of pathos. The word bathos  (adjective form, bathetic) almost always has a negative connotation. The noun pathos  (adjective form, pathetic) refers to a quality in something experienced or observed that evokes sympathy and a feeling of sorrow. Examples The director had clearly decided to confront us with the gruesome detail of the massacre, but the sight of artificial dismembered limbs, human torsos dangling in  trees, and blood-stained cavalry men riding about brandishing human legs and heads,  that all clearly had the weight of polystyrene, made his intentions ridiculous.  The entire cinema burst out laughing as the film  descended into bathos. We expected the gruesome and got the bizarre instead.(John Wright, Why Is That So Funny? Limelight, 2007)The  pathos  of the  Frankenstein  legend is that the monster has some traits of humanity remaining within him.Mr. Moretti has a habit of crossing the line from pathos to bathos, but he imbues this  movie [Mia Madre] with such honest sentiment  that he can evoke a lifetime of feeling with just the shot of an empty chair.(Manohla  Dargis, New York Film Festival Walks the Tightrope Between Art and Commerce. The New York Times, September 24, 2015) Usage Notes Dont confuse bathos with pathos. Bathos, the Greek word for depth, is a descent from the sublime to the ridiculous. You commit bathos if, for example, you ruin a stately speech by ending it with some tasteless anecdote. The adjective is bathetic, like pathetic, the adjective for pathos, the Greek word for suffering. Bathos is commonly misused as the equivalent of sloppy sentimentality.(John B. Bremner, Words on Words: A Dictionary for Writers and Others Who Care About Words. Columbia University Press, 1980)Pathos is the quality of something, such as speech or music, that evokes a feeling of pity or sorrow: The mother told her tale with such pathos that tears came to the eyes of many present. Bathos is either insincere pathos or a descent from the sublime to the ridiculous: The play was rather moving in places, but the episode where the two take a shower together was pure bathos.(Adrian Room, Dictionary of Confusable Words. Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000)Pathos occurs when a feeling of pity, compassion or tenderness towards a character or situation is evoked in the reader. Pathos will be usually felt towards a hero, an admired character or a victim. The group victims of a disaster will also frequently engender pathos. The undeserved or early death of a character is a subject for pathos. If we have cried over some incident in a book we have experienced pathos. Think of the death of Ophelia in Hamlet and notice how it is Gertrudes speech about a young girls death which is the means by which Shakespeare induces pathos...The writer must always strike a careful balance with such scenes if pathos is to be achieved. Even good writers can sometimes go over the top into bathos, when an incident or character that should have aroused compassion veers toward the absurd or ludicrous. Dickens in The Old Curiosity Shop clearly meant the death of Little Nell to arouse pathos and for the most part it did with his contemporary readers. Many modern readers though find the overblown descri ption almost laughable.(Colin Bulman, Creative Writing: A Guide and Glossary to Fiction Writing. Polity Press, 2007) Practice (a) The pat ending of Beauty and the Beast disregards the dark undercurrent of genuine _____ and suffering that had made the Beast so endearing.(b) Don Gibsons . . . specialty  became the tearjerkin country ballad, although many of his recordings were so drenched in self-pity that they crossed the line into pure _____.(Richard Carlin,  Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge, 2003) Scroll down for answers below: Answers to Practice Exercises: (a) The pat ending of  Beauty and the Beast  disregards the dark undercurrent of genuine  pathos  and suffering that had made the Beast so endearing.(b) Don Gibsons . . . specialty  became the tearjerkin country ballad, although many of his recordings were so drenched in self-pity that they crossed the line into pure  bathos.(Richard Carlin,  Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge, 2003)

The Relationship Between Sharia Law and International Commercial Dissertation

The Relationship Between Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration - Dissertation Example ration. Procedural issues, such as: access to justice, service of process, standards of fair trial, evidence, independence and impartiality of arbitrators, joinder, intervention and consolidation, confidentiality of the arbitral proceedings, arbitral interim measures, requirements for an arbitral award. Substantial issues involving the merits of the dispute, such as the application of uniform law and mandatory rules. Acceptance of prior or intervening court judgments/ arbitral awards that may be recognized as res judicata and similar issues.4 Overall, the central debate in resolving issues about the merits of a dispute revolves about whether arbitrators can or should rely upon the general principles of law instead of the legal system of any one State. The debate gains significance when the issue is addressed differently by the general principles of law and the legal system of the state, and controversy exists in the degree to which the clashing principles of sovereignty and pacta sun t servanda should apply. b) Source of general principles of law in international commercial arbitration The phrase ‘general principles of law’ conveys the impression of a set of rules spontaneously arrived at by international businessmen; the truth, however, is that they are rules grounded in national legal systems. It must be clarified that the general principles of international law are not always applicable in all situations. In those instances that the parties have stipulated in their agreement their choice of law or rules of law that is to govern their relationship, there is no instance when general principles of law shall apply. Arbitrators are bound to respect the choice of the parties. The following are the more popular ICA rules according to institution: i) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention, Regulations and Rules ii) ICSID Additional Facility Rules iii) London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) Arbitration Rule s iv) International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Dispute Resolution Rules v) (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Arbitration Rules vi) Permanent Court of Arbitration Rules vii) American Arbitration Association (AAA) International Arbitration Rules viii) International Bar Association (IBA) Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration 2) Islam and its Legal System a) Overview of Sharia The word â€Å"Shari’a† is Arabic for â€Å"the path† or â€Å"the way,†5 or more descriptively, â€Å"a path or way to a water hole in the desert.†6 The more figurative meaning would be the path Allah or God had designated for humankind to follow in

Synecdohe, New York Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Synecdohe, New York - Movie Review Example The movie is also based on the unique trait of representing a whole story in the part of the movie Plot, Theme and Characterization The movie depicts the life of a theatre director, played by Philip Hoffman who suffers throughout his life in various physical ailments. However his condition deteriorated as her wife departs taking the daughter with her. Throughout the movie Caden depicts the inevitability of death and holds the idea that everyone around him is already dead. It is the philosophies of death that surrounds him thought in the movie. The film uniquely portrays the self-discovery of Caden in the movie. The transition stages of Caden have been vividly described in the movie. The movie describes the four stages of Caden where he identifies the destructiveness and the constructive nature present with him. In other portions of the movie Caden’s consciousness and the urge for his wife and family grows. Caden becomes aware of himself and the archetypal spirit within him. He also undertakes a critical analysis of himself through which he understands his ego and has a complete self realization. At the end of the move his quest for his self discovery ends and realizes the truth associated with his love and life. The self-realization of Caden depicted within the movie can be traced back to the Jungian philosophy which states the four stages of self realization which has been portrayed through Caden’s role in the movie Synecdoche, New York. In order to undergo the process of self-realization Caden decides to make a play based on his own life story. The technique of using the play in the movie was a unique element used for depicting the life story. In the movie Caden is portrayed to be in a myopic state of mind which provides the justification of using the play in order to analyze the series of events which went through his life. In the play composed by Caden, the role of Caden was played by Sammy, whose role was very influential in deciding the outc ome of the play. The role played by Sammy portrayed Caden’s life in the best possible way and at some point it appeared that he overtook the original life of Caden in the movie. The actor in the play also provided suggestion regarding his role play but Caden did not agree with him. Finally in the play, Caden hands over the responsibility of the direction to an actress and he steps into the shoes of the cleaning lady of her wife. Cadens decision to play the role of cleaning lady shows the passion of his love towards her wife. It illustrates Cadens viewpoint that in order to stay close with her wife he was also ready to be the cleaning lady. It also reflects Caden’s state of mind when Adele left him and highlights the desperateness within him to get his wife back in the later stage of his life. Caden also surrendered himself to his daughter and held him to be responsible for her dying condition. The movie reached its peak when Caden describes himself to be homosexual to his daughter and takes the burden of the entire disturbance which was there in his personal life with his wife. In the play another dramatization has been provided to highlight the theme of the movie. One of the characters in the play, Hazel is shown to purchase a house which has been on fire. At the initial stage Hazel was reluctant to purchase the house as she feared that it will be the cause of her death. Ultimately Hazel

Ethics in organizoations 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in organizoations 2 - Article Example In addition, an appropriate action plan will be designed for eliminating all the issues concerning the organization. Review of the Issues Based on the facts provided, it has been observed that the company was facing certain gaps that resulted in varied amount of discrepancies in the organization. Based on the interactions with the employees, it has been studied the employees were biased and even discriminated on many different occasions. The employees belonging from multi cultural background had to face the maximum level of discrimination. Also, people belonging from the minority groups were facing the problem of biasness and discrimination within the workplace. Beyond these instances, the workplace culture was also getting deteriorated because of numerous amounts of cases of harassment that were coming out. Employees were getting harassed at almost every level by their peers and the senior management. Based on the prevailing workplace scenario, it was observed that the overall workp lace culture was in a degradation mode. Top Three Messages to the Senior Management Team Based on the graveness of the identified issues, it has been comprehended that these issues lays an immense impact over the internal business scenario to a greater extent. From the above scenario, it is felt that the organization was facing problems pertaining to cultural diversity to a large extent. Organizational harassment contributes towards harmful effects such as grievances of the employees increases, grudges emerge against peers and groups arises within the team members, which ultimately affects the overall development of the organization (Royal College of Nursing, n.d.). Correspondingly, individual biasness within an organization greatly influences the performance standard of the business and its employees. Furthermore, biasness within the organization also create hurdle in the effective decision making process (Kauffman & Diamond, 1989). Perception associated with discrimination within the organization leads to work conflict and accelerated retention rate, which drastically affects the overall development of the business scenario (Ensher, Grant-Vallone & Donaldson, 2001). On the part of the organization it is likely to remember that with an employee of number 300, it might become difficult for the organization to maintain sustainability. Action Plan for Curbing the Issues Based on the analysis of the prevailing issues in the organization, it is clear that the organization facing serious issues in the workplace. Some of the recommendable action plan strategies that can be implemented are as follows: Implementation of a proper training program for spreading the importance of awareness for the workplace diversity Engaging the employees in the training program to provide them with ample knowledge, which will accelerate their performance level Addressing all the issues faced by the organization on immediate grounds and mitigating the grievances of the employees effecti vely Preparation of feedback reports from the employees regarding any underlying issues prevailing within the organization and the implication of the measures provided to them by the management Analyzing the responses of the employees pertaining to measures undertaken by the senior level management Creation of rules and regulations pertaining to avoidance of illicit practices in the organization (Maltbia & Power, 2008) Reinforcement of additional rules and regulat

The Value of Higher Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Value of Higher Education - Research Paper Example What is definitely agreed on is that higher education is very important in being able to get a job that pays a worker well enough to maintain a home, family and the necessities of living that go along with that. As we grow from childhood, our parents, or other authoritative adults, tell us that the way to succeed in life is go to school, go to college after high school, then get a good job after graduation. Attending college is commonly perceived as the only way to getting a good job that pays enough to have a nice home, car, and support a family. In 2000, 84 percent of American adults over 25 years of age had completed high school, and 26 percent had attained at least a bachelor’s degree. Those numbers were an all-time high score compared to 1975, where only 63 percent of adults had graduated high school, with only 14 percent graduating college (Day, 2002). Research showed that in the years between 1997 and 1999, a non-high school graduate could expect to make no more than $2 3, 400 in a full-time job per year, whereas a college graduate could make $52,200 and a doctoral degree could bring in $89,400 or more (Day, 2002). What was also interesting to note was the charting results of comparison salaries between men and women with bachelor degrees who basically start out at almost the same salary in similar jobs in the early 20-something age group. In the later ages, women tend to lag behind in salary increases, most likely due to having children and being off work, moving to accommodate a husband getting a better job elsewhere, or just having a degree that doesn’t address the current job market needs (CPS, 2002). Moving forward to the latest report, published in 2012, accommodating survey information from 1984 compared to 2009, the numbers show that almost twice as many sampling respondents have attained a vocational certification, associate’s degree and higher. What was most glaring however, was to see that the numbers had dropped from 60,00 0 high school graduates in 1984 to 57,8880 in 2009 (Ewert, 2012). With a larger population growth, this means that fewer teenagers are actually graduating from high school, leaving a larger labor force in the population that does not have a higher level of education. For those that went on to college, the greatest amount of bachelor degrees were awarded in the fields of business, with close runner up degrees in education, engineering, health care, liberal arts and humanities, and natural sciences. Advanced degrees attained were in education (as the highest rate), business, law, medicine, with nursing/public health and natural sciences running neck in neck in the fifth position. In vocational certificates, the highest is in health care, with business/office a close second. Auto mechanics came next, with cosmetology, computer trades and construction trades in the third, fourth and fifth ranking positions (Ewert, 2012). What must be taken into consideration is the change in population sampling from 1984 and an upgraded survey to a different sampling group in 2009. The labor market and its current needs are also reflective of what fields student get degrees in, fully expecting to get jobs in that field after graduation, get on-the-job experience and then go for an advanced degree in the same field. What is not calculated into this path of development is how the job market in, say, the

Managing Public Relations in Nonprofit Organizations Case Study

Managing Public Relations in Nonprofit Organizations - Case Study Example Further secondary research was done on a database of the consumer media and national science. The reason for this research was to broaden the scope of the target audience following the announcement. Consequently, the stakeholders identified were prominent science reporters. However, quantitative research involving telephone interviews with the reporters to ascertain their reliability produced negative results. To this end, a content analysis was undertaken on the BNL website. The purpose was to deliver a high amount of information pertaining to the upcoming conference and public announcement. The evaluation measures employed involved the measuring of communication output. In this case, part of the objective was to achieve a mass advert of their product and elicit positive media reactions. To this end, the company surpassed their expected communication output whereby over 700 million coverage was achieved. In addition, the public relations firm employed the measure of outcomes as an evaluation. Consequently, the whole public announcement aspired to receive positive reviews from the public and media. Moreover, these reviews were supposed to spur the government in increasing budgetary allocation without arousing political aspersions on its public announcement. As a result, the firm was able to receive positive reviews from the media and public. Moreover, these reviews factored in on the increase of budgetary allocations. In addition, the public relation firms employed the measure of institutional outcomes as an evaluative tool. Consequently, BNL had an objective of increasi ng a budgetary allocation for its project. As a result, the institutional outcome was achieved through an increased budgetary allocation of $ 13,400. The planning process entailed developing of a media list in which media outlets were identified. The aim was to achieve target audience for the impending announcement. To this end, the media list developed

Textual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Textual Analysis - Essay Example She tries to compare the human ears with the dried peach halves (Forche 1). The use of this simile brings out a stark image where she shows how lifeless the ears were but after dropping them in water, they became lively. The contrast and comparison elaborates on the Colonel’s brutality. Simile has also been used to compare the window gratings in the house with those that are found in the liquor stores. The use of irony is evident in the poems title â€Å"the Colonel† where Forsche is treated to a very sumptuous dinner. They are served with lamb racks, wine and green mangoes which tend to reflect a feast. However, they are also served with bread, which they do not know its type. As the writer puts it, there is a golden bell which is used to summon the maid. It is ironical to have a golden bell just to summon the domestic worker. Another type of irony is evident where the parrot joins their conversation on governance issues. On another perspective, the parrot does not com prehend anything on governance since it is not human but from the poem, it contributes to the interesting topic. The parrot reinforces the ugly events that the Colonel is talking explaining. It is also ironical in situations where the writer nods her head to agree to the Colonel’s stories that are brutal and horrifying (Forche 1). Irony is also evident in the scene where Forche claims that her friend talked to her with her eyes so that she should not say anything after the Colonel kicks the parrot out. The author also brings irony where she talks about the fence that had broken bottle glass, which would rip off and individual’s kneecaps. Repetition has also been used to create emphasis of the story. The writer has emphasized on the use of the word ‘some’, which has been used three times. For example, the Colonel says ‘something for your poetry’. The word has also been used in cases where Forche says ‘some of the ears on the floor’ . The use of ‘some of the’ has been used twice at the end of the poem to emphasize of the number of ears that had been thrown on the floor. Repetition is used in poems to create a rhythm that will help the reader. In this poem, repetition has been used to express emotions that have come up due to the Colonel’s brutality. For poets to come up with good poems, most of them employ the use of repetition since it creates a rhythm and alliteration for the reader. How the visual special devices affect the viewer and their effectiveness In the poem â€Å"The Colonel†, the writer has used visual impacts to reveal the image of the Colonel and his brutal acts. From the start of the poem, the poet tries to bring out a clear picture of the Colonel’s house. The author starts by describing the family members, the house, and its surroundings and later brings out the aspect of brutality after the Colonel brings out the ears. For emphasize on brutality, the author al so says that there is a pistol put on a cushion beside the Colonel. The author has also included every single detail that is happening in the house to create an imaginary house in the reader’s mind. She also explains what was on the television as they walked into the house. These special devices have led to visual imagery in the poem. According to the poem’s structure, the author has presented her work in just one paragraph that emphasizes on concrete poetry. The line placements and flow of words in the poem brings visual imagery. The longest lines in the poem try to

Managing Public Relations in Nonprofit Organizations Case Study

Managing Public Relations in Nonprofit Organizations - Case Study Example Further secondary research was done on a database of the consumer media and national science. The reason for this research was to broaden the scope of the target audience following the announcement. Consequently, the stakeholders identified were prominent science reporters. However, quantitative research involving telephone interviews with the reporters to ascertain their reliability produced negative results. To this end, a content analysis was undertaken on the BNL website. The purpose was to deliver a high amount of information pertaining to the upcoming conference and public announcement. The evaluation measures employed involved the measuring of communication output. In this case, part of the objective was to achieve a mass advert of their product and elicit positive media reactions. To this end, the company surpassed their expected communication output whereby over 700 million coverage was achieved. In addition, the public relations firm employed the measure of outcomes as an evaluation. Consequently, the whole public announcement aspired to receive positive reviews from the public and media. Moreover, these reviews were supposed to spur the government in increasing budgetary allocation without arousing political aspersions on its public announcement. As a result, the firm was able to receive positive reviews from the media and public. Moreover, these reviews factored in on the increase of budgetary allocations. In addition, the public relation firms employed the measure of institutional outcomes as an evaluative tool. Consequently, BNL had an objective of increasi ng a budgetary allocation for its project. As a result, the institutional outcome was achieved through an increased budgetary allocation of $ 13,400. The planning process entailed developing of a media list in which media outlets were identified. The aim was to achieve target audience for the impending announcement. To this end, the media list developed

Conceptual Cognition and Problem Solving Styles Essay Example for Free

Conceptual Cognition and Problem Solving Styles Essay The article â€Å"Thinking† found in the Northeastern University Website presents insights regarding conceptual cognition and problem solving skills. It claims that although people may have similar concepts, we differ from each other by our conceptual cognition and problem solving styles. To elaborate, the author cites how people define concepts. It shows that people have similar concepts of things especially those perceived by sight. For instance, features including two eyes, four legs, two ears, one tail, barking, sharp teeth, etc., would definitely pertain to a dog. Likewise, a photo of a child smiling is an indication of a happy child, not a sad one. However, there are also some concepts in our society that have changed a bit but not entirely. Although they are modified through time, a certain degree of people’s cognition of the original concept remains the same. Take for example, marriage. In the past, the concept of marriage is limited to a man and a woman, but now the concept allows man to man marriage, so although the concept is altered a bit, the concept of togetherness and commitment still holds truth. Concepts are arranged into hierarchies. For instance, a bedroom is smaller than a house, and a block is smaller than a neighborhood. Applying it in the school context, there are students under one teacher, and there are teachers under one director, etc. Similarly, in the corporate scene, there are subordinates and supervisors. Moreover, concepts are formed by definition and prototype. We learn concepts as the environment define them for us. For instance as children, we were familiarized by our parents with the things in the house, such as a table and a chair. Later on when we went to our neighbor’s, we realized that tables can be in different forms or colors, but the role they play remains the same. Through definition and prototype, we obtain similar concepts of things around us. The issue of cognition is not much of a problem but problem solving styles are. The three methods to solve a problem include: trial and error, algorithms, and heuristics. In trial and error, one is bound to use more effort and time to arrive at the right answer. This method requires several trials and shortcuts, and does not guarantee giving the right answer. The second method is algorithm. An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure usually involving computations. Unlike trial and error, it is methodical and guarantees arriving at the correct answer. However, since it requires a procedure, it is more time consuming than the other. The third method used to solve a problem is heuristics. This method requires â€Å"speculative formulation†¦as a guide in the investigation or solution of a problem.† (Answers.com, n.d.). It posits that the background of the matter, ie religion, society be investigated upon in order to arrive at a conclusion. Although this method is not accurate and does not guarantee a definite answer, it leads to a certain conclusion or information related to the problem. Each of the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. When combined, the three methods will help one arrive at a valid answer. For instance, when conducting research, it is not enough to present statistics of people experiencing a specific problem. One needs to dwell on observations, surveys, interviews, etc. to obtain a full view of the situation. Applying this to the classroom scenario, students should be taught how to apply and combine the three methods in order to facilitate problem solving tasks. Particularly, when teaching research, teachers should incorporate teaching and application of the three methods so that students will not only have options but arrive at definite and valid conclusions for their study. References Algorithm. Retrieved 5 August 2008, from http://www.answers.com/topic/algorithm Heuristic. Retrieved 5 August 2008, from http://www.answers.com/heuristic

Importances of shipping on indian economy

Importances of shipping on indian economy Introduction Shipping has played a huge role in the Indian economy. Geographically, almost half of Indias border is covered with sea. Talking in terms of international trade, the amount of trade done by land and air is very limited. Ninety percent of Indias in terms of volume and seventy seven percent in terms of value are carried by sea. This shows the amount of Indias dependence on shipping. The initial scenario where Indias balance of trade mostly showed higher imports as compared to the exports is now changing. Indias exports as compared to imports have increased to eight six percent in 2001-02 as compared to seventy five percent in 1990-91. In the year 2002 according to the reports of the WTO, India achieved fifteen percent growth rate in exports of merchandise goods which made it second highest in the world. Over 90% of world trade is carried by the international shipping industry. Without shipping the import and export of goods on the scale necessary for the modern world would not be possi ble. There are around 50,000 merchant ships trading internationally, transporting every kind of cargo. The world fleet is registered in over 150 nations, and manned by over a million seafarers of virtually every nationality. Ships are technically sophisticated, high value assets (larger hi-tech vessels can cost over US$150 million to build), and the operation of merchant ships generates an estimated annual income of over US$380 billion in freight rates, representing about 5% of the total global economy. For a countrys economy, the transportation sector is often viewed as an important barometer of growth. As more goods are consumed within a country, the transportation sector must grow accordingly in order to accommodate the transport of additional goods. And as the wheels of commerce turn with ever greater speed, so does the volume of passenger traffic. As a corollary, the location of manufacturing facilities and distribution centres can have a major impact on the growth of a country s transportation sector and transportation infrastructure. The relative location of these manufacturing facilities and distribution centres can dictate whether the country becomes a hub within a logistics network or a spoke in the wheel, serving in effect as a transit corridor. Such matters are of particular importance to emerging economies where transport and logistics infrastructure is in process of rapid development. If we look at the main drivers of Global Trade, they are Profitability i.e. price difference amongst various markets, Risk Spread which reduces the dependencies on one market, Uneven distribution of natural resources, Difference in level of technologies wherein some countries have higher level of technology and some have low, Difference in cost of production because at various places various industrial inputs are comparatively cheaper e.g. labour, electricity, technology, etc. If we closely look at exports, a country exports a particular thing which it may have naturally, for e.g. oil, or which it produces a lot for e.g. wheat, etc. But the more a country exports, the more foreign income it gains especially in the case of developing countries which increases its foreign reserves and ultimately resulting in the countrys more buying power and thus helping it to develop. Thus exports prove to be a boon for a country. If we talk about the total worldwide exports from the year 1980 to 2006, worldwide exports were valued at Year 1980 1990 2002 2004 2006 Value (Bn.$) 1,271 3,303 4,071 8,567 12,083 Countries have to rely on other countries for some goods which it does not have. So to import these goods, a country needs to have foreign exchange and for that a country relies on its exports. Generally a countries balance of trade should always be positive, i.e. its exports should be more than its imports. Thus shipping playing a huge role, the flow of cargos in the ports are huge. All the imports and exports of the whole country are being done by 12 major ports. Thus the movement of cargo in these ports is huge. To add on to this, imports and exports have to go through thorough checks and a lot of documentation. All cargo goods imported into the country or exported out of the country by sea, air, land or rail routes are governed by the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962 and other laws of the country related to entry/ exit from the country. Customs ensures that the import and export of goods are in compliance with the Customs Act and other laws in force. Accordingly, customs procedures are intended to provide definite, predictable methods by which the goods can enter the country and get cleared on payment of applicable import duties, fulfilling the requirements of the law of the land. Thoroughly going through all goods that are to be imported or exported requires great deal of time an d all this results into congestion at ports resulting into slow movement of the cargo and ships. These bottlenecks prove to be harmful for the countrys total international trade. To help remove congestion at ports, Government supports facilities such as C.F.S (Container Freight Stations) which prove to be dramatically useful in removing congestion at ports. The C.F.S helps a lot in reducing the total dwell time of cargo and its associated costs. CFS is a place where containers are stuffed, de-stuffed and aggregation/ segregation of export/import cargo takes place. With the growing volume of international trade, the need for expeditious clearance of goods at the port within the minimum possible time has been gaining importance. This is more so when the ports are facing congestion at their premises. Further, for optimal utilization of existing infrastructure, space, equipment, goods that are landed at ports need to be evacuated straight away without any loss of time. Accordingly the concept of Container Freight Stations (CFS) has grown in importance along with the development and growth of ports. A C.F.S proves to be beneficial for the importer, exporter, the port, and the country itself. It is helpful for the importer in terms that when goods arrive, the importer can directly take his goods to the C.F.S and do all the documentation while hi goods are the C.F.S. This helps him in saving paying penalties in terms of demrage if the clearance of goods takes more time than usual. It helps the exporter in terms that an exporter can stuff his container at the C.F.S premises and thus the container becomes ready to ship as soon as it reaches the port. This can save him from paying extra penalties if the normal stuffing took more time when being stuffed at the port itself. It is helpful for the port because it acts as an extended arm of the port and the regular activities like stuffing and destuffing of containers can be done at the C.F.S. The clearance of goods can be done while the goods are at the C.F.S and all this results into very low congestion at the port which makes the port functions smooth and easy. The vessels can be loaded and unloaded faster, which increases the total turnaround of the port. At present, when Indias total international trade is on boom, if the port can increase its efficiency, then it the total trade can dramatically increase which in turn benefits the country as a whole. Technology plays a huge role. Role of EDI. Exports now account for more than 10% of Indias $ 661 billion economy and the rate it growing continuously. C.F.S The Import Export Procedure. A C.F.S is a common user facility with public authority status equipped with fixed installations and offering services for handling and temporary storage of import/export laden and empty containers carried under customs control and with Customs and other agencies competent to clear goods for home use, warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export, temporary storage for onward transit and outright export. Transshipment of cargo can also take place from such stations. A CFS is an extended arm of Port/ ICD Complex, where import/ export goods are kept till completion of their examination and clearance. The imported goods can be immediately shifted from the port to CFS which also helps in the reduction of port congestion. All the activities related to clearance of goods for home consumption, warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export, temporary storage for onward transit and outright export and transshipments take place from such stations. Therefore, clearance of goods from CFS is an important point of consideration for trade in respect of export/ import Cargo as it is the final Customs contact point. The Main function of CFS is receipt, dispatch and clearance of Containerized Cargo, up-to-date inventory control and tracking system to locate containers/cargo. The goods received at ports are brought to CFS and stacked in CFS after verification of the seal by Customs Officers. C.F.S are bonded and secure areas, strategically located close to containe r ports, where multiple value added activities can be carried out at all stages of the supply chain logistics of containerized freight. These include container stuffing and de-stuffing, re-assembling in factory units machinery and vehicles which have been broken down into kit parts for shipping, goods labelling and packaging, full container handling and storage, temperature controlled storage, bonded storage, long term warehousing, road and rail transport services, cross docking and cargo handling consultancy. C.F.S I.C.D There is a difference between Container Freight Stations (CFS) and Inland Container Depots (ICD). In both the places, the imported goods or export goods are ordinarily kept before clearance by the Customs and where filing of Customs manifests, the same procedure is followed for the bills of entry, shipping bills and other declarations, assessment and all the activities related to clearance of goods for home consumption, warehousing, temporary admissions, re-export, temporary storage for onward transit and outright export, transshipment, etc, take place. Functionally there is no distinction between an ICD/CFS as both are transit facilities, which offer services for containerization of break bulk cargo and vice-versa. These could be served by rail and/ or road transport. An ICD is generally located in the interiors (outside the port towns) of the country away from the servicing ports. CFS, on the other hand, is an off dock facility located near the servicing ports which helps in decong esting the port by shifting cargo and Customs related activities outside the port area. CFSs are largely expected to deal with break-bulk cargo originating/terminating in the immediate hinterland of a port any may also deal with rail borne traffic to and from inland locations. Thus the main difference between the both is their location. A C.F.S would be strategically located near a port. For a C.F.S to get certified, the first major thing it has to do is to locate itself within 200 kilometers radius to a port. Thus if goods are imported, they can directly be taken to a C.F.S within a short period. Whereas in the case of an I.C.D, it does not have any regulations as to its distance from any port. So a person can open an Inland Container Depot in Delhi but cannot open a C.F.S in Delhi. The only difference between them is the clause of C.F.S being close to a port. Functions OF CFSs The primary functions of CFS may be summed up as under: 1. Receipt and dispatch/delivery of cargo. 2. Stuffing and stripping of containers. 3. Transit operations by rail/road to and from serving ports. 4. Customs clearance. 5. Consolidation and desegregation of LCL cargo. 6. Temporary storage of cargo and containers. 7. Reworking of containers. 8. Maintenance and repair of container units. The operations of the ICDs/CFSs revolve around the following centres of activity:- 1. Rail Siding (in case of a rail based terminal) The place where container trains are received, dispatched and handled in a terminal. Similarly, the containers are loaded on and unloaded from rail wagons at the siding through overhead cranes and / or other lifting equipments. 2. Container Yard Container yard occupies the largest area in the ICD.CFS. It is stacking area were the export containers are aggregated prior to dispatch to port, import containers are stored till Customs clearance and where empties await onward movement. Likewise, some stacking areas are earmarked for keeping special containers such as refrigerated, hazardous, overweight/over-length, etc. 3. Warehouse A covered space/shed where export cargo is received and import cargo stored/delivered; containers are stuffed/stripped or reworked; LCL exports are consolidated and import LCLs are unpacked; and cargo is physically examined by Customs. Export and import consignments are generally handled either at separate areas in a warehouse or in different nominated warehouses/sheds. 4. Gate Complex The gate complex regulates the entry and exist of road vehicles carrying cargo and containers through the terminal. It is place where documentation, security and container inspection procedures are undertaken. BENEFITS OF CFSs The main benefits from CFSs 1. Concentration points for long distance cargoes and its unitization. 2. Service as a transit facility. 3. Customs clearance facility available near the centers of production and consumption 4. Reduced level of demurrage and pilferage. 5. No Customs required at gateway ports. 6. Issuance of through bill of lading by shipping lines, hereby resuming full liability of shipments. 7. Reduced overall level of empty container movement. 8. Competitive transport cost. 9. Reduced inventory cost. 10. Increased trade flows. 11. In transit storage in a secure environment Revenue The revenue model of the C.F.S revolve around the following activities * Container HT * Ground Rent * Storage Charges * Empty Container Storage * Other Services. Container HT (Handling Transportation) The container handling and transportation are the charges that are charged by the C.F.S to the importer/exporter. These are the charges with respect to handling and transportation of the container from the port to the C.F.S in case of import and from the C.F.S to the port in case of export. Ground Rent Ground rent is the amount that the C.F.S gets with respect to the number of days a container remains lying at the C.F.S premises. It keeps on increasing with the more number of days the container is lying at the C.F.S. It is earned only in the case of import containers as once the container gets cleared from the C.F.S and gets Out Of Charge, it is the duty of the importer/CHA to get the goods removed from C.F.S whereas in the case of export, once the container is sealed and is ready to export, it is the duty of C.F.S to transport the container to the port. Storage Charges The storage charges include the warehousing charges that are levied upon depending on the nature and the requirement of the goods. For e.g. some goods require covered storage, refrigerated storage, or can be stored in the yard. In case of refrigerated containers, power outlets are provided and charged accordingly. It is earned in both the cases i.e. import as well as export. The goods are stored in the C.F.S premises and is charged accordingly. Empty Container Storage C.F.S also provides the facility of empty container storage for the container leaser company. Once a container is imported, cargo is destuffed and then till the next export consignment is assigned to that particular container, the owner of the container has to take it to some place to store it. He can take it anywhere he wants, for e.g. his own container yard but if it is too far, then he would have to bear huge transportation costs. Instead he could store his empty container in the C.F.S itself and pay its normal empty container rent, and when he receives the next consignment, he can shift his container to that particular C.F.S/ICD or he could even get that consignment in that particular C.F.S itself. If he gets a consignment there itself, then he would have to bear zero transportation cost. Other Services Apart from the above mentioned services, C.F.S provides with services like stuffing/destuffing of containers, charges for custom examination, palletisation, shrink wrapping, repair and maintenance of containers, cleaning the containers, etc. Due to the containers usage, it may get damaged as it is involved in activities like stuffing and destuffing, transportation and handling in the vessel and by road transportation. So it is common for containers to get damaged which involve minor dents to major cracks. These issues are taken care in the C.F.S and are repaired. Many times heavy cargo is loaded in the container which is very solid in nature, to prevent the container taking damage from it, plywood sheets are fixed inside the floor of the container. This is being done at the C.F.S too. THE BILL OF ENTRY The document on the strength of which clearance of imported goods can be effected is known as the Bill of Entry (B/E), the form of which has been standardized by the Central Board of Excise and Customs. The Bill of Entry should be type-written. TYPES OF BILL OF ENTRY All goods discharged from a vessel, from foreign or coastal ports, are cleared on Bills of Entry in the prescribed forms presented under the Bill of Entry Regulations, 1971. * Goods entered for home consumption are cleared on White Bills of Entry. * Goods entered for warehousing are removed into bond on Into Bond Bills of Entry (Yellow Bills of Entry). * Goods cleared ex-bond for home consumption on payment of duty on Ex-Bond Bills or Green Bills of Entry. WHEN TO PRESENT BILL OF ENTRY ? It should be presented for noting in the import department of the Customs House after the Import General Manifest which gives a detailed description item-wise of the goods brought by the concerned vessel is filed by the ships agent. A facility has been afforded to the ships agents to lodge this manifest 14 days in advance prior to arrival of the vessel. This concession has been given to facilitiate the importers Custom House Agent to keep the documents ready so that immediately on arrival of the vessel and landing of the cargo, the same could be cleared on examination and payment of duty thereon without any loss of time. The date of presentation of the Bill of Entry is very important as the rate of duty applicable to the imported goods will be the rate which is in force on the date of presentation. FEATURES OF THE BILL OF ENTRY Salient features of the Bill of Entry which is to be presented for clearance of goods for home consumption are mentioned below : (1) Origin Vessels Particulars: The importer or his Clearing Agent has to give relevant particulars of the origin of the consignments and the vessel e.g. port of Shipment, country of origin (and country consignment if different), vessels name and rotation number and also Bill of Lading date. (2) Particulars of the Goods: In regard to the goods covered by the Bill of Entry, certain basic information has to be furnished by the importer which includes (I) Number and description, as well as marks and numbers of the packages; (ii) weight/volume/or number in so far as quantity is concerned;(iii) Description of the goods imported details to be given separately for each separate class of goods; (iv) Gross weight and total number of packages have also to be given. (3) Value: The importer has also to indicate assessable value in terms of Section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962. For arriving at this assessable value he has also to give further break-up of invoice value, freight, insurance, exchange rate, loading and local agency commission, miscellaneous charges and landing charges (taken into consideration for the assessable value) (4) Duties Leviable: The form has separate columns for indicating Customs tariff heading and exemption notification No. if any applicable. For purposes of contravening duty, there is separate column indicating the value, the rate and amount and the total amount of duty on the goods both in figures and words to be indicated by pin-point typewriter. (5) Codes: For certain statistical purposes (which is the basis of Foreign Trade Statistics), certain code numbers have also to be indicated by the importer while filing the Bill of Entry which include Port Code, Custom House Agent Code, Importer Code, Country of origin/Consignment Code, Unit Code, Currency Code, etc. (6) Declaration of Importers/Clearing Agent: Besides the information of the type referred to above, certain declarations have to be furnished by the importer and his authorized Custom House Clearing Agent wherever the Bill of Entry is processed through a Clearing Agent. Some of these declarations have to be signed by the importer himself. These specifically include declaration about correctness of the contents of the goods described in the Bill of Entry (being in accordance with the invoice and other documents), corrections of the price/value. Declaration whether the goods have been purchased on outright purchase/consignment basis and whether the importer has any connection with the supplier/manufacturer. Importers declarations are furnished and signed by him on the reverse of the Bill of Entry. In cases when an importer clearing his goods through a Custom House Agent, does not have his office at the port, the declarations may be signed by the importers on a separate sheet of paper which may be attached to the reverse of the bill of entry. The Appraiser may make the final assessment after the C.H.A pastes the declaration on the reverse of the Bill of Entry. Bill of Lading The Bill of Lading is the document which proves that the goods are being loaded at the P.O.O (Port Of Origin). In case of imports, the importer has to show the Bill Of Lading which proves that the goods were actually loaded in the vessel. The Bill Of Lading is signed by the master of the ship who represents the vessels owner. The main function of the B/L is that it proves that an actual valid contract is being carried out and that the vessel owner knows about the cargo that is loaded in his vessel. Import Procedure with respect to C.F.S The import procedure for containerized cargo is done in two ways. They are 1. Doc. Destuffing 2. Factory Destuffing Doc. Destuffing In Doc. Destuffing, the destuffing of the containerized cargo happens at the C.F.S premises. * The Importer/Exporter/CHA first submits copies of IGM (Import General Manifest) OBL to the C.F.S authorities along with a request for movement of Imported(Loaded) Containers in advance. * After the arrival of the containers, permission is taken from the AC/DC (Assistant Commissioner/Deputy Commissioner) and then the goods are allowed to be moved to the C.F.S. * Then the C.F.S will arrange for transportation of the Imported Containers from the Customs area in the port. If the container seals are found to be broken, then first the port authorities check it and only after their permission, the goods are allowed to be dispatched from the port to the C.F.S. All the Custom formalities that include the physical examination of goods are then carried out at the C.F.S premises. * After this, the B/E (Bill of Entry) is being filed, the Assessing Officer in appraising group assesses the duty liability, notes any exemption if any and checks whether there are no restrictions on the goods being imported. * Then the containers are destuffed. It is being done in the presence of the Custom Officer after verifying the Container number and the seal number. Then a destuffing sheet is prepared which verifies the cargo in the container with the IGM and it is being signed by the Custom Officer, the Importer/CHA, and the C.F.S representative as a legal proof. * Then the B/E is again presented to the Shed Appraiser for physical examination of the goods. * After destuffing the cargo, the goods will be stacked in the import warehouse or the container yard wherever they are to be kept as per the request of the importer. * Then the importer/CHA pays the duty on the imported goods according to the rate of duty of the goods. If the Importer/CHA fails to pay the duty within 7 days period (from the date of of Bill of Entry to him).The Importer/CHA shall obtain freshchallanof payment of duty along with interest accrued there on. For the dispatch of the goods from the C.F.S, the importer/CHA has to clear all the custom duties and the charges of C.F.S. * After all the payment is made, the Appraiser/Superintendent endorses the Out Of Charge. From here the importer can take his goods from the C.F.S and can have it delivered. He can have the cargo delivered to him loose or can have the cargo loaded in the container while being delivered to him as per his wish. For the cargo to come inside the container, he has to pay extra charges to the owner of the container. * The empty containers arising out of destuffing can be stored in the C.F.S and can taken out once the container owner/container leasing companies produce the proof of export of the container and can thus take their containers to other C.F.S or ICDs for stuffing. Assessing Officer The basic function of the assessing officer in the appraising groups is to determine the duty liability taking due note of any exemptions or benefits claimed under different export promotion schemes. They have also to check whether there are any restrictions or prohibitions on the goods imported and if they require any permission/license/permit etc and if so whether these are forthcoming. Assessment of duty essentially involves proper classification of the goods imported in the customs tariff having due regard to the rules of interpretations, chapter and sections notes etc., and determining the duty liability. It also involves correct determination of value where the goods are assessable on ad valorem basis. The assessing officer has to take note of the invoice and other declarations submitted along with the bill of entry to support the valuation claim, and adjudge whether the transaction value method and the invoice value claimed for the basis of assessment is acceptable. He also ta kes note of the contemporaneous values and other information on valuation available with the Custom House. Cargo not taken by importers After notice to importer and approval of customs for valuation, cargo not removed within 60 days is sold through public auction and proceeds are used to recover costs of auctions, customs duty and companys charges. Factory Destuffing Factory Destuffing is a procedure wherein the importer wants to unload the cargo from the container at his own premises. In this, the container can be brought directly to the importers premises to unload. For factory destuffing, the importer has to take prior permissions from the CEDC and from the port authorities. In this, the procedure is same as to Doc. Destuffing till its being brought to the C.F.S. Once inside the C.F.S, the Custom authorities verify the container seal number. Generally, the seal is not broken here but if the Custom authorities have any doubt, then they can open the container and verify. After this, the container is being transported to the importers premises and can be opened there. But it can be only opened in the presence of a CEDC authority. A CEDC representative personally goes to the importers premises and then only in his presence, the seal is verified and then it is broken. Then destuffing happens and the CEDC personnel signs the destuffing document alon g with the importer. Here the C.F.Ss role is to transport the container from the port to the C.F.S and then all the documentation and the payment of duty is done there and the Seal verification by the Customs is also done there itself. Thus the C.F.S charges the importer accordingly. Various permissions have to be taken by the importer for Factory Destuffing and has a lot of regulations involved in it even when the cargo is being loaded at the port of origin. It is useful for cargo that is delicate, that requires special care when it is loaded/unloaded and gets damaged when frequently shifted. In the case of factory destuffing, the importer after taking prior permissions from the customs, files the line D.O with the port authorities. He has to file the B/E accompanied by all necessary documents including invoice, packing list, bill of lading, import license, declaration under rule 10 of the customs valuation rules 1988, OGL declaration, chartered engineers certificate etc. One separate set of essential documents like invoice, packing list, bill of lading, importer declaration under rule 10 of customs valuation rule 1988 etc. shall be pasted on the reverse of original Bill of Entry. He has to file the Bill of Entry for Home Consumption. Export Procedure with respect to C.F.S * First the exporter files Shipping Bills to the port authorities, and to the C.F.S authorities as well. * The shipping bill is submitted in the system and is marked by the Superintendent(Exports) * After verifying the value of the goods that are being exported, AC/DC call in for the samples that are being exported and if being felt necessary, then they will put those samples to test. * After checking and approval of samples by AC/DC, export documents are to be filed i.e. invoice, packing list, quality certificate, buyers order, etc. to the Noting Clerk and he will then assign a serial number to the Shipping Bill. * Then the Shipping Bill is passes on the Appraiser. The Appraiser notes down the content of goods being exported and if any benefits are to be provided to the exporter under any scheme. For e.g. DEPB. * Then the shipping bill is presented the Examination Officer/Inspector who examines the goods that are to be exported in presence of the CHA/Importer with their packing list. First the loose cargo is brought into the C.F.S and on the receipt of Goods, the Shed in charge records landing certificate on the Shipping Bill itself. * After examining the goods, the Let Export order is given to the shipping line and goods are allowed to be stuffed in the container. * Then cargo is stuffed into the empty containers. The empty containers can be lying inside the C.F.S which could be of any container leaser or can be brought inside the C.F.S. The stuffing of container is known as carting. The carting takes place in the warehouse or the container yard depending upon the nature of cargo. * After the stuffing has taken place in front of the Custom Officer, the container is sealed with Customs One Time Keyless Bottle Seal. This seal is key less and the seal has to be broken to open the container to maintain safety. After this seal has been put on, the container is ready to be exported and the C.F.S arranges for the containers transportation to the port. * On arrival of the container at the port, if the seal is found to be broken, then again the container has to be taken back to the C.F.S and again cargo verification is