French Revolution of 1789 Was a Major Cause of the Haitian Revolution of 1791

The French Revolution of 1789 led to the development and insertion of new political forces such as democracy and nationalism which was inspired by the Enlightenment of the mid-eighteenth century. It questioned the authority of the King, priests, nobles and religion on a whole; namely Catholicism. The revolution gave new meaning to the political ideas of the people. France’s involvement in the American Revolution had left the country in a massive financial crisis.Debt, inflation a lack of food and King Louis XVI lavish spending and heavy taxation on the Commons of society served to anger the people and so they demanded a new system of government. The Old Regime and Social Stratification in France Under the system of the Old Regime the King was seen in society as being the absolute monarch whose rule was ordained my God. The King had centralized power in the Royal Bureaucracy. In unison the King and the bureaucracy preserved royal authority and maintained a system of social stra tification stipulated by the Old Regime.The society in France was legally stratified by birth, divided into three Estates. The First Estate consisting of the clergy, the Second Estate; the nobility and the Third Estate the Commons which consisted of the bourgeoisie, city workers and peasants. The First Estate, the clergy which was also made up of members from the nobility enjoyed various privileges which were unavailable to those below their station in society. They paid no taxes and to support activities of the church collected tithes or taxes on income. The Second Estate, the nobility hardly paid taxes despite their great wealth.Their source of income came from rents and dues collected from the use of their farms and estates. The Third Estate resented the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobility. They were forced to pay taxes, tithes to the church and rent and dues to landlords for the land they occupied. This served to cause an upset in the society as it prevented the common s from entering into upward social mobility which was primarily based on the order in which one was born. Due to these occurrences the Commons wanted to have some form of equality in the French society. Thus they were in constant negotiation with the Crown for better and more privileges.The Estates-General (1789) As a result of King Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting on Estates-General on May 5, 1789 at Versailles. This was the place where representatives from each social Estate could be represented and their grievances voiced. Social tension plaguing the Old Regime was the central grievance of those representing the Third Estate. Because the First and Second Estates were primarily made up of citizens of the nobility they were allowed to override the Third Estates as they contained two out of the three votes available. As a result the Third Estate was left voiceless.The Third Estate offered a vision that privilege in society was to be determined by usefulness rather than birth. Writers of the Enlightenment; Voltaire, Montesquies and Rousseau served to be an encouraging factor to those seeking equality in society as they viewed these privileges enjoyed by the nobility as being rooted in tradition. As a result the Third Estate invited the other estates to join a new legislature. They eventually renamed themselves the National Assembly which was based on the people rather than Estates. By doing this they revealed their intention of becoming the official legislative body of France.In the summer of 1789the National Constituent Assembly declared itself the full authority of the nation. This led to the abolition of feudalism and the system of privileges under the Old Regime. Figure 1. The Estates-General inFrance The Role of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment of the mid-eighteenth century was a philosophical movement that proposed that talent replaced birth as the main determinant of ones social standing. They believed that methods applied to studying the natura l science could be used to correct the problems of society. Advocates of this movement concerned themselves with ‘reason’ and ‘liberty’.The Enlightenment caused people to consider the view that knowledge could only be acquired through careful study and ones reasoning abilities. In order for this to be achieved religious ideology and traditional beliefs had to be forsaken. Thus they encouraged the concept of liberty which they defined as being freedom from religion, press and unreasonable government. These ideas not only inspired the Commons in France but also the politicians and Heads of State. This was what eventually inspired French revolutionaries to construct a declaration that would serve to mold a society based on reason rather than tradition.The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) This Declaration insisted on the freedom and equality of man and gave birth to the revolutionary triad; ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ . Pu t in place by the National Constituent Assembly; was encouraged by the philosophical and political ideas of the Enlightenment. The declaration puts in place the ideology of Natural rather than religious doctrine and authority. The rights of man were to be secured and recognized by a government of elected representatives. This therefore meant an ending to privilege and feudalism; and equality in France.Clergy, nobles, judges and even ordinary tax payers lost whatever special standing they once had. Each person was now seen as being ‘identical’ before the law. Figure 2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Ciizen Saint Domingue prior to French Revolution The society in St. Domingue was a replica of the society in France plagued by the Old Regime of social stratification in France. This was introduced to the colony as the Royalist/Metropolitan Whites brought with them to the colony the traditions held by the Old Regime. Conflict between each social group was based on r ace and the acquisition of capital.Tensions between the Whites, Mulattoes and Blacks and more specifically within the white society; tension between the Royalists, Grand and Petite Blancs was plaguing the society in St. Domingue. This segregation within the colony can later be credited as one of the contributing factors of the revolution in 1791, as the French Revolution of 1789 left each group seeking equal rights and privileges within society Social Stratification in St. Domingue The Metropolitan Whites/ Royalists: These were whites who came directly from France to St.Domingue as members of the bureaucracy whose purpose was to see to the Governance of the colony. They enjoyed the commercial privileges of the French bourgeoisie and brought with them to the colony the traditions held by the Old Regime in France of absolutism of the monarchy and the ideology of feudalism. At the head of the bureaucracy was the Governor and Intendant. The King’s representative in the colony was the Governor who was a soldier and aristocrat. His duty in the colony was that of granting concession, being an agent for European merchandise in the colony and colonial merchandise in Europe.The Intendant in the colony had judicial responsibilities as well as seeing to the finance and general administration of the colony. The Metropolitans had extensive privileges and power in the colony that could not be enjoyed by whites below their station. The Grand Blancs: These were wealthy plantation owners, top civil and military officers of St. Domingue. Some of whom had aristocratic origins in France while others were known Creoles. Their ambition in the colony was to regain enough wealth to return to France despite the fact that they were the most prominent of social groups within the society.The Petite Blancs: These were the poor whites of St. Domingue; primarily shop keepers, book keepers and merchants. They were seen by other superior whites as being unproductive within the society, performing no important role within the economy of the colony. It was often thought that the Mulattoes and Blacks could carry out the tasks performed by Petite Blancs if they were to be deported. They were also excluded from privileges enjoyed by the Grand Blancs, however, because they were white it was easier for them to fit into the society. The Mulattoes/Affranchis: These were the children of white planters and slaves.They were exceptionally numerous within the society with the fate of their freedom resting in the hands of their white fathers. By the mid-eighteenth century their economic advances had began to overshadow members of the white society. A number of them participated in the purchase of land and slaves, they ran their own plantations and some were allowed the privilege of being educated in France. It is argued by historians David Barry Gasper and David Patrick Geggus, that the affranchise owned one third of the colony’s plantations, one quarter of the slaves and one quarter of the real estate property.Slaves: The treatment of black slaves in St. Domingue was the worst endured by slaves of the West Indies. Planters had been making immense profits in the colony to the detriment of the slaves. They were worked excessively hard, harshly punished and poorly fed. Because of this every five years the slave population of St. Domingue had to be replenished as the colony held the highest death rate of blacks within the region. Racial Tension and Discrimination in St. Domingue Prior to 1791 The Metropolitan Whites/Royalists looked upon the Grand Blancs with arrogance and disdain despite their wealth and status in society.They too however, were also resented by the Grand Blancs as they thought the Royalists to be wasteful and extravagant. They also hated the fact that they could not hold civil service positions held by the Metropolitans which meant that they had no power over the running of the colony. Similarly the most notable tension between whites can be found between the Grand and Petite Blancs. Although they were of the same colour, the Grand Blancs resented the Petite Blancs as they thought them unproductive to the economy of the colony. Due to their status in society the Petite Blancs were not able to partake in privileges enjoyed by the Grand Blancs.Voting, for example within the colony was based on the amount of property one possessed, thus the Petite Blance were exclude from the administration due to lack of land. The economic advances of the Affranchise within St. Domingue was viewed by whites as being a dangerous trend that could eventually undermine the superiority of the white plantocracy. Thus it became increasingly important to both Colonial Whites and Royalists to enforce white superiority in St. Domingue by legislating against Mulatto equality with whites by repressing their political ambitions and placing them in degrading positions n society despite their wealth and education. This was done to ensure that th e Affranchise remembered their slave origins which made it impossible for them to be equal to whites. The Mulattoes were hated by the Blacks as they showed resentment for their genealogical ties to blacks and slavery. They tried very hard to imitate the lives of the whites and saw to drown out all traces of their origin. Thus the slaves hated them as well as the whites. Due to this the slaves were feared by both the Whites and the Mulattoes as they were vastly outnumbered. Impact of the French Revolution on St.Domingue The events of the revolution in St. Domingue can be credited to the influence of the French Revolution in 1789 as it was the factor which inspired the events in St. Domingue. All social classes in the colony were greatly affected by the French Revolution as the Grand and Petite Blancs, the Affranchise and the Slaves saw the events taking place in France as an opportunity to seize liberty and equality. The Grand Blancs saw the opportunity to secure independence in the colony from the restrictions of the Mother country retarding their economic growth.Thus liberty to the plantocracy meant the removal of Metropolitan controls over the affairs of the colony. For the Petite Blancs, the impact of the ideologies of the French Revolution meant social equality with the Grand Blancs and liberty meant ‘active citizenship’ allowing them to vote freely without the acquisition of land standing in their way. For the Mulattoes in St. Domingue they thought that the revolution in France gave them the opportunity to demand civil and political rights which were denied to them because of their black origin.For the slaves equality and liberty reinforced their aspirations for personal freedom. The Revolt of the Grand Blancs The white planters in St. Domingue had began demanding political representation. The calling of the Estates-General in France in 1789 left them determined to get their interests and grievances voiced in France. Because of this the Grand Blancs supported the revolution taking place in France as for them it meant liberty from the shackles of the Mother country. For them the revolution meant freedom of trade and political control of St.Domingue at the expense of the Petite Blancs, Mulattoes and slaves. However without authority from the National Assembly, the Grand Blancs called elections in St. Domingue for a General Assembly in 1790. As a result the Petite Blancs were excluded from participating in the Assembly due to the lack of land they obtained; the Mulattoes were also excluded from partaking in the Assembly due to their lack of civil and political rights within the colony. Due to their newly found power the Grand Blancs had begun disregarding the authority of the Metropolitan whites and the National Assembly in France.Because of this the Royalist and Petite Blancs and to some extent the Mulattoes untied to crush the revolt of the planters as they preferred the Colonial ties with France and obedience to the Nat ional Assembly. Due to the defeat of their cause the Grand Blancs then turned their fury upon the Affranchise of the colony because of their role aiding the suppression of their revolt. The Revolt of the Affranchise Because of the occurrences of violence by the Grand Blancs against Mulattoes; questions concerning their civil rights and social equality were brought to the attention of the National Assembly.As such there was an attempt made to pacify the Mulattoes in the colony by allowing them equality with the Whites in the Militia. Thus in 1790 a decree was passed by the National Assembly granting voting rights and the right to hold office to all Mulatto ‘persons’ owning property over the age of twenty five who met the income requirements stipulated. However, the decision to ensure the rights of these ‘persons’ was left within the hands of the Grand Blancs who hated Mulattoes and refused to give them the right to vote.Because of this the Mulattoes were for ced to appeal to the Governor complaining that their rights were not being secured. The leader of the Mulattoes, Vincent Oge? threatened to use force if their demands were not met. Thus they encountered violent opposition from the colonial whites which eventually caused the movement to escalate into an armed revolt. Unfortunately the revolt was violently suppressed and leaders executed; however, as a result of the revolt a proposal was put forward by the Colonial Assembly that granted political rights to those born of legally free parents. The Revolt of the Slaves in 1791Figure 3. The revolt of the slaves The question of slavery in France was one of a complicated nature due to the fact that French commerce greatly depended on the production of their colonies which was facilitated by slavery. Thus revolution and resistance in St. Domingue became possible when slavery was challenged in France by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The colony was under the instruction of French laws yet these rights did not relate to the blacks. To the National Assembly the exploitation of slaves was a profitable business as such they had no intention of granting them freedom.The news of the French Revolution and its triad, ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ was dispersed throughout the colony and slave population via ships and their sailors as well as French revolutionaries who believed in the equality of all. The sailors spoke in excitement to blacks unloading and loading cargo into the ships of the events taking place in France. Upon hearing this, the slaves then realized that they had witnessed similar events that had occurred in the colony to what was happening in France in the name of liberty and equality.The Grand Blancs revolt against the Bureaucracy and in 1790 the revolt of the Mulattoes to the Grand Blancs. Thus upon hearing of the success of the French bourgeoisie the slaves took it as an example which would enable them to gain freedom from their masters. The first sign of unrest within the slaves occurred when they believed that their masters were withholding three free days that the King himself had given them. The first attempt of slaves to gain their free days originated in Port-Salut in the South province.Because the masters refused to comply, the slaves were forced to engage in a conspiracy which was aimed at ensuring their masters granting the rights the King had given them. The conspiracy was however discovered and ringleaders arrested. These occurrences signaled the beginning of the revolutionary struggle of the slaves in the South Province. The slaves of the North were also greatly affected by the occurrences in the South and thus prepared a massive revolt. Simultaneously slave gatherings in the West also appeared similar to the ones in Port-Salut.After a religious ceremony headed by voodoo priest Boukman the revolt aimed at liberty for the slaves began in the North Plain District of Acul in 1791.B I B L I O G R A P H Y Books Bayan, Patrick. ‘The Haitian Revolution and its Effects. ’ Heingmann. 1998 Brians, Paul. ‘Reading about the World: Volume 2’. American Heritage Custom Publishing. 1998 Censer, Jack and Hunt, Lynn. ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution’. American Social History Production Inc. 2001 Gasper, David B. and Geggus, David P. A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean’. Indiana University Press. 1997 Greenwood, Robert and Hamber, Shirley. ‘Emancipation to Emigration’ Macmillan Publishers Limited. 2003 James, C. L. R. ‘The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Overture and the San Domingo Revolution’. Random House Inc. 1963 Websites Bromley, Jason. ‘Resistance and the Haitian Revolution’. scholar. library. miami. edu. 2008 Chavis, Jason. ‘The Estate-General of 1789: Foundation of the French Revolution’ french-history. suite. 101. com 2009

Persuasive- Pro Gay Marriage Essay

The legalization of same-sex marriage benefits both LGBT people and America as a nation. As states progressively begin to legalize same-sex marriage, it’s a convenient time to refocus attention on the many advantages associated with the pursuit and achievement of marriage equality. If same-sex marriages are legalized in Texas, not only will it benefit the state but also it will promote equality and non-discrimination in society, provide economic and business opportunities, and strengthen America’s national identity and international reputation. Millions of LGBT people contribute daily to American life in a multitude of ways culturally, socially, financially, politically, vocationally, and spiritually. They are vital to this nation’s continued growth and evolution and the U.S.A. would suffer greatly from the extraction of their many contributions. The legalization of same-sex marriage encourages the human right that everyone deserves. This promotion of equality and non-discrimination is extremely important in reducing homophobia and encouraging a minority group in society that has suffered colossal amounts of disgust that nobody deserves. â€Å"More than 1 in 5 LGBTQ students are physically harassed or assaulted because of their sexual orientation.† Children and young adults are being bullied because of whom they like; many of them cannot deal with this harassment and end up committing suicide. A large part of this nation’s future will be dead if this nonsense doesn’t quit. What more of a reason d o people need to know to see that homophobia is wicked and same-sex marriage should be permitted? It has been proven that same-sex marriage has provided a major economical boost to those states and countries that have embraced marriage equality. The marriage and wedding industry is a significant one. â€Å"Nearly $260 million was injected into the New York City economy in the year following the legalization of same-sex marriage.† It’s obvious that money-obsessed geezers that are always looking for a way to get more money out of citizens run the government. They’d be absolutely blind and useless not to acknowledge that authorizing same-sex marriages could be a win-win for both them and gay couples. America has historically presented itself as a global leader in matters of freedom and democracy. It’s unfortunate and ironic, however, that  back on home soil one particular group of people is consistently denied full access to the â€Å"American dream.† The fact that the federal government doesn’t recognize same-sex marriage in a majority of the states has damaged America’s international reputation in relation to LGBT rights. If people would stop discriminating and start embracing this way of life it would play a key role in enhancing America’s international reputation in matters of social justice and in restoring this nation’s integrity as a global leader in the competence of civil and human rights. Also, â€Å"Liberty and justice for all† would finally be believable when same-sex couples are granted equal access to laws across the country. It’s time for things to change and begin to celebrate diversity and difference in our society, rather than continuing to fear or attack it.

Personality of Donald Trump Essay

Success is defined by the accomplishments people make in their lives. These accomplishments are underscored by their abilities to lead and inspire others. Many theorists have pondered what characteristics and traits lead people to have such a passionate drive towards success. Donald Trump is one of these triumphant individuals, who despite adversity have accomplished unrenowned achievements. In order to understand what has made Donald successful, his character traits must be analyzed and compared to acknowledged theory. Donald Trump is a true American success story and his approach to business, along with his personality, must be closely explored. Donald Trump was born in New York City on June 14, 1946, to Fred and Mary Trump and is the fourth of five children. Fred Trump was a self-made successful real estate developer, who became a millionaire by the time Donald was born. He built modest homes and apartment buildings and liked to stay out of the spotlight. He was a man of strong conviction and self-confidence and instilled in his children the importance of believing in themselves, being optimistic and striving for success (Slater, 2005). The Trumps lived well but simply and were not flamboyant in their spending. Donald’s parents were frugal in the sense that they knew it was not easy to make money and that money should be treated with respect (Trump). Fred was strict with his children but a devoted husband and father. Mary was a  traditional housewife but had a flair for the dramatic and was enchanted by royalty and glamour (O’Brien, 2005). She had a great sense for showiness, loved to organize family parties and events, and was always the star of the show. Donald has said that, when it comes to real estate, his dad was his best teacher. He claims he began to learn as a small child when playing at his father’s feet, as he listened to his father conduct business over the phone with building contractors. Donald boasts that, by the age of ten, he knew more about erecting a building than many adults did (Slater, 2005). During school vacations, Donald and his brothers would tag along with their father to help with projects and to collect rents. He truly admired his father. He wanted to follow in his footsteps but not to have to walk in his father’s shadow. He wanted to achieve greatness on his own and be known as Donald Trump, not Fred Trump’s son. In his youth, Donald was pretty wild and rambunctious. As early as the second grade, he punched his music teacher and gave him a black eye. By the age of thirteen, his parents had lost patience with him and shipped him off to New York Military Academy. Donald quickly adapted to this iron-fisted environment and here he began to develop his competitive nature and an awareness of his appearance (O’Brien, 2005). He strove to be successful at everything he did. He excelled in both academics and sports and discovered one of the character traits he is now most known for, his self-confidence. Attending the military academy was the turning point in Donald’s life, where he began to develop his personality and become the Donald Trump the world knows today. Fred Trump had always hoped his sons would all join him in his business, and at various times they did. Fred Jr., Donald’s brother, did not care for the business, and did not get along with his father very well. He left the business and became a pilot. He was a troubled man, and at the age of 42 died of a heart attack and alcoholism. This was one of the worst events Donald claims to have experienced. For this reason, he has never smoked nor drank. Donald believed that most people were self-serving and that many took  advantage of his brother. After his brother’s death, Donald vowed to always be on guard and to be untrusting of everyone (Slater, 2005). After completing an associate’s degree at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Finance, he went to work for his father for five years. Donald’s father, who kept his dealings in Brooklyn and Queens, made it big on a smaller scale, but Donald was determined to make it big on a larger one; so he packed up all of his belongings and moved to Manhattan, the heart of New York. He continued to work for his father, and when he began to consider moving to California and going into show business, an associate convinced him that real estate was truly his forte (O’Brien, 2005). When Donald moved to Manhattan, his bank account and wallet were practically empty but that did not stop him. Trump used his negotiating skills and persistence to join an exclusive club in New York, which catered only to the elite. Recognizing his magnetism and ingenuity, the club let Donald join strictly on the condition that he would leave the other members’ wives alone. He did not intend to use the club to play polo and sail on yachts, but rather to use his membership to make contacts and that is exactly is what he did. (AskMen.com, 2005). Trump had made himself one of the most powerful real estate businessmen in the 1980s with the ownership of several buildings such as Trump Towers, Trump Parc, and The Plaza Hotel, as well as the New Jersey Generals football team. He also invested in the casino business in Atlantic City and New Jersey. Due to his impetuous nature though, Donald rushed into many ventures without planning ahead. He got himself deep in debt and a recession forced him into bankruptcy. He climbed to his feet, wiped the dirt off of his knees, and came back fighting and more determined than ever. (AskMen.com, 2005). In 2004, Donald teamed up with NBC to produce and star in a television reality show, The Apprentice. This quickly became the number one new show on television. Each season begins with a group of contestants with backgrounds in various enterprises, typically including real estate, restaurant  management, political consulting, sales and marketing. During the show, these contestants live in a communal house, allowing their relationships to build. They are placed into task teams and each week are assigned a task which requires selecting a project manager for the task. The winning team receives a reward, while the losing team faces a boardroom showdown in order to determine which team member should be eliminated from the show. The premise of the show, which bills itself as the â€Å"ultimate job interview,† is to conduct a job talent search for a person to head one of Trump’s companies. The position starts with an â€Å"Introductory† one-year contract with a startin g yearly salary exceeding six figures, $250,000 to be exact. The Apprentice is just another success to add to Trumps report card. (Woopidoo.com). Donald likes to be closely involved in every aspect of his business. When any new construction is under way, he is very much like his father. He always visits the construction sites and likes to micromanage his projects. He haggles with project managers, meets with foremen and also discusses the jobs with construction workers themselves. As to his personal life, Donald is currently in his third marriage. He was married to his first wife, Ivana, for 13 years and had three children from the marriage, two boys and a girl. Donald’s second marriage to wife Marla, lasted for six years. They had one child, a baby girl. Donald married again in 2005 to a Slovenian model, Melania Knauss, and they recently had a baby boy. Donald’s aggressions and one-sided focus are what allowed him to break down the existing barriers to obtain his goals of becoming successful as a developer. With that being said, there is a sad and dark side to Donald Trump; it is believed that he suffers from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. His OCD is to buy and build whatever comes to his mind. His actions time and time again have proven that, when he sets his sights on something, he just goes for it no matter what. Trump does not appear to have any set strategies. Many times, Donald Trump’s impulsiveness does not let him see what will happen after he makes that first pivotal step in any direction. In  addition, Donald’s concern for neatness and appearance extends deeper regarding cleanliness. He has had a lifelong aversion to germs and is a self-professed germ-phobic. He avoids too much hand shaking, and washes his hands thoroughly and as often as possible. He would refuse to put food in his mouth after shaking someone’s hand. He feels this keeps him safer from the risk of contracting any illnesses. Donald Trump is a ripe candidate for further analyses of psychological theory. Carl Jung, a neo-freudian theorist, believed in not just the unconscious but rather the collective unconscious, which was ideas or memories that are part of a person’s biological heritage and these inherited tendencies, such as family, faith and fears, predispose us to view the external world in certain ways. Jung referred to these ideas or memories as archetypes. Jung described many archetypes but focused on three specific ones: the animus/anima, the shadow and the self (Heffner, 2002). This theory would state that Donald Trump was born to be the person he is now. Jung also believed that spiritual needs are just as important, and possibly more important, as biological needs. â€Å"Introverts try to harmonize inner conflicts into a whole self. Extroverts try to harmonize self with social realities (Spencer).† Jung would have considered Trump an extrovert because Donald is focused and driven with society around him. Jung would have also considered Trump a poster child because those who help themselves succeed in life, and that is what Trump had been taught and encouraged to believe. Jung also stated that people look for those that are like themselves, and much of that influence comes from our parents. Donald Trump’s mother had a visible influence on his need to be in the impeccably dressed, and always in the spotlight. Donald’s father was a very successful businessman, so that is what Donald knew to look for in life. He has always been associated with rich and powerful people in many different fields, from radio and his conn ection with Howard Stern to sports and political figures. Gordon Allport, a trait theorist, wanted to understand the differences between people in personality and to see how the different characteristics and processes interact and function together in an integrated way. Allport  believed that people had traits. He classified these traits into specific categories: individual, common, cardinal, central, secondary, motivational, and stylistic traits. He believed that every person had a small number of specific traits, known as central traits that predominate the personality. Allport believed that once in a while one of the central traits would become a dominant trait, known as a cardinal trait. The central and cardinal traits are environmentally influenced. (Heffner, 2002). According to Allport’s theory, Donald Trump’s traits would be classified into certain categories. For instance, a central trait would be self-confidence and a cardinal trait would be determination. Allport also believed that humans act on the tendency to satisfy basic survival needs, which he referred to as opportunistic functioning, and that most of what we do in life is what makes us who we are. He was a strong proponent of acknowledging ones self-image (Boeree, 2006). Donald Trump has a very positive self-image, made obvious from the way he dresses to the things he creates. His name, Trump, is on everything he has built. He works on the belief that he cannot fail and, even if he fails, it is due to someone else not doing the job to his standards. As a biological theorist, Hans Eysenck’s theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. He believes that habits are learned, but he also believes that people can grow out of personality that is genetically inherited. Eysenck believed that â€Å"the human brain has excitatory and inhibitory neural mechanisms (Neill, 2005).† Eysenck hypothesized these two mechanisms were regulated by a structure known as ARAS in the brain stem. The ARAS lets stimulus into the brain. If it lets a lot of stimulus into the brain, chronic over arousal, a person is an introvert and if the ARAS does not allow much stimulus, chronic under arousal, into the brain, a person is an extrovert (Heffner, 2002). Eysenck determined that all people could be categorized into two groups: neurotic and extrovert-introvert. Everyone exhibits specific responses to both internal and external stimuli. Both neuroticism and extroversion can be seen in Donald Trump, as he has admitted to not wanting to shake hands because of his fear of germs. He said that he finds the hand shaking ritual barbaric. Donald’s personality has always shown him to be an extrovert by nature, which has served him well in his business dealings. Being outgoing and upfront is how he influences lucrative deal offers to be signed, and has added to his success. As a humanistic theorist, Carl Rogers believed all people need to maintain and enhance life, and this tendency for growth is known as self-actualization (Boeree, 2006). There are levels on the path to self-actualization. One level is the desire to preserve and enhance oneself, also known as the physical level, and the higher level, the psychological level, is to seek out new experiences, master new skills, quit boring jobs, and find more exciting ones. Once a person has achieved self-actualization, they are known as a fully functioning person and able to live a life full of meaning, challenges and fulfillment. Rogers believed self-actualization was primarily determined by events in a person’s childhood experiences and these experiences need to be positive. According to Rogers’ theory, Donald Trump would be a fully functioning person. It is very evident in Mr. Trump’s actions as to how he feels about himself. Rogers claims that if you feel smart and/or think that you are smart, then it becomes part of your self-concept. Donald Trump is very confident and has an enormous ego, which has helped him throughout his career. This ego carries over to Donald Trump’s personal relationships in dealing with women as well as business associates. He has always surrounded himself with beautiful women regardless of the fact that many believe he is not all that handsome. This confidence serves as a magnet that makes people want to be in his presence. He has a good image of himself but never lets his self-image get in the way of what he is after, thus even business associates cannot resist giving in to him. This, in turn, feeds his ego. He also feels that he is superior to others in the business world and, even through his financial troubles, has always managed to emerge as though it was just a bump in the road and part of his plan. George Kelly, a cognitive theorist, believed that, because people are trying  to understand what was going on around them, people are scientists. Kelly’s theory is known as the fundamental postulate, which states people act in a manner with how people expect the world to be based on their interpretations of past events (Spencer). In other words, people use past experiences in life to anticipate future events. An example would be if we view the world and people around us as friendly and safe, then we would find it easy to engage with others for advice. If we see the world and people around us as cruel and selfish, then we would strictly rely on our own abilities to interpret things. For a long time, Donald Trump vowed not to trust anyone after the death of his brother and has only relied on himself to build his fortune, which gives the idea that he trusts no one more than himself. This mistrust is why he most likely involves himself so deeply in all facets of his business and micromanages. In some cases, this mistrust in others has been his undoing in his some of his business dealings and possibly his marriages. Needless to say, Donald Trump’s flamboyance success and highly public persona make Donald a perfect specimen for a personality evaluation. Many of the theorists believe that a lot of Donald’s personality stems from his relationship with and the influence of his parents. This includes his mother’s influence on being in the spotlight and his father’s sense of being a disciplined businessman. Donald Trump is a very confident, competitive, successful and extravagant businessman who has made himself instantly recognizable wherever he goes. Whatever theory one may have, all agree that Donald Trump is a very goal driven person and it is believed that he will always resurface no matter how his investments turn out. Trump summed up his future in these few words, â€Å"Anyone who thinks my story is anywhere near over is sadly mistaken.† (AskMen.com, 2005).† References AskMen.com. (2005). Men of the week: businessmen. Retrieved April 18, 2006, from AskMen.com Website: http://www.askmen.com/men/business_politics/38_donald_trump.html. Boeree, C. G. (2006). Personality theories. Retrieved April 15, 2006, from Shippensburg University Website: http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html. Heffner, C. L. (2002, August 21). Personality theory: an introduction. Retrieved April 26, 2006, from AllPsych Online: The Virtual Psychology Classroom Website: http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/index.html. Neill, J. (2005, September 19). Personality: theory & perspectives. Retrieved April 26, 2006, Website: http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/personality.html. O’Brien, T. L. (2005). TrumpNation. The art of being Donald. Warner Business Books. New York, NY. Slater, R. (2005). No such thing as exposure. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Spencer, W. B. (n.d.). Theories of personality. Retrieved April 26, 2006, from Eastern Illinois University Psychology Department Website: http://psych.eiu.edu/spencer/. Trump, D. (2004). Trump How to Get Rich. New York, NY: Random House. Woopidoo.com. (n.d.). Donald trump biography. Retrieved April 28, 2006, from Woopidoo! Website: http://www.woopidoo.com/biography/donald-trump.htm.

Implementing and evaluating my e-Learning design model in my workplace Assignment

Implementing and evaluating my e-Learning design model in my workplace - Assignment Example As a producer of information, every professional is expected to be able to share the information and ideas they have produced in their course of work. As consumers, they expect to have an easy way to access the information that has been produced by others in the same profession. This applies to all types of professions. Teachers are no except from this need of information production and sharing. In fact, this need to produce share and information and collaborate is highly necessary for teachers, regardless of the subject they are teaching (Cowen, 2014). As part of the Arabic teachers’ community, I have identified a need to have collaboration and sharing system for Arabic teachers. As a result of this, I have in the past come up with the design which when implemented will help in teaching Arabic teachers to share their ideas and to build each other. The following is an implementation and evaluation of the design I have designed in the past. The system is designed to aid learning and sharing of ideas. The system is geared towards helping teachers who are engaged in teaching Arabic to high school students. The system must be able to meet some pedagogical principles in order to aid in helping the teachers to not only share the knowledge but also to be able learn from the system. It must be able to motivate the teachers in using the system to enhance the system. The system is not going to be useful unless and until the system is used by the teachers. For this to to be a reality, the system should be easy to use, and must prove its self useful to the users in order for them to find it useful. This means that the system must be intuitive which means that the users must be find it easy to learn how the various components work and how they can navigate the system (Klopotek, 2002). It must also be able to act as a knowledge management system which means that it will be able to

Tacit Knowledge, Systems for Combating Identity Theft Article

Tacit Knowledge, Systems for Combating Identity Theft - Article Example Also devise a method for a medical or financial organization to determine its security measures are sufficient. Develop an organizational plan for information systems to address potential identity theft issues. Tacit Knowledge: Making It Explicit Reference Information: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/facts/tacit.pdf Purpose of Study: Provide an understanding of tacit knowledge and the risks related to it. Sampling Comments: According to TACIT KNOWLEDGE(n.d), tacit knowledge is â€Å"information that the actor knows he has (how to catch a ball, tie a knot, and mark a line) but which he cannot, nonetheless, describe in terms other than its own (skilful) performance†(TACIT KNOWLEDGE, n.d.). Measures: The article reviews aspects related to tacit knowledge. The aspect of transfer of knowledge from one person to the other is the core factor in tacit knowledge. Polanyi (2002) argues that transformation of such information creates problems. Personal knowledge is commonl y used despite the fact that it is shared among many. Findings/Results/Main Points: Personal information works best when instruments used in technology are not available. Availability of machines used in communication and softwares that encourage social behavior contributes to tacit. During this process, many employees are tricked to leak secret information that lead to identity theft. Conclusion: The importance of tacit knowledge remains debatable in relation to the risks involved. Its effectiveness is noted from the ability that it lacks explicit information. Organizations need to sensitize their employees on use on internet to avoid leakage of secret information that leads to identity theft. Systems for Combating Identity Theft- A Theoretical Framework Reference Information: Ji’, S. Smith-Chao, S. & Min, Qing-Fei. (2008, August). Systems Plan for Combating Identity Theft- A Theoretical Framework. J. Serv. Sci. & Management Journal, 1: 143-152. SciRes. Purpose of Study: To examine the starting point used for organizational systems design in roles played by identity owner, the issuer, checker and protector. Sampling Comments: â€Å"From system analysis and design perspective, understanding identity theft problem and designing managerial and technological systems to combat identity theft requires a holistic and comprehensive framework† (Ji, Smith-Chao & Min, 2008). Measures: Identity thieves use several techniques to retrieve data from their victims. Some of unsophisticated means used are stolen wallets, cell phones and laptops. Social engineering is used in convincing internet users to reveal their secret information. Processes needed to stop identity theft rely on information technology and its systems. Findings/Results/Main Points: Identity theft takes place through stage managed steps. Step one; the identity thief gets personal information of the victim. In step two; the identity thief tries to misuse stolen information of the victim. The fin al step involves the victim suffers emotionally or financially after the identity thief has vandalized the victim’s property. Conclusion: The world has turned to a global village through technology. Use of internet has increased from individual use to organizations. Internet is used for communication and business. Personal information

Financial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Financial management - Assignment Example Ford was able to get this money by pledging almost all of its assets as collateral, including its U.S. property, plant, and equipment; its equity investments in Ford Credit and Ford’s foreign subsidiaries; and its trademarks, including the Ford brand name and logo. Why did Ford decide to use up all of its financial slack in one gigantic gulp? First, debt financing was available on relatively easy terms in 2006. Second, Mulally must have been aware of the history of restructuring programs in the U.S. auto industry. Some of these initiatives were failures, some partial successes, but none solved Ford, GM, or Chrysler’s competitive problems. The companies shrank but did not improve significantly. So Mulally was in effect sending a wake-up call to Ford’s managers and employees: â€Å"We’ve raised all the cash that we can get. This is our last chance to reform the company. If we don’t make it, Ford is gone.† For the final project, you are to conduct an analysis and evaluation of the capital structures and costs of capital of Ford Motor Company over a history of 5 years. The examination will be in three parts. 1. State the amount of the following in the financial statements for the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 using the following table (NOTE: Long term debt includes all long term debt regardless of when payable) - Fair value is a standard of measurement used in financial reporting. It refers to the market price that would be received upon a security if it were to be sold (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2014). Ford Motor Company (2008) adopts the January 1, 2008 SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, definition of fair value, defining it as the price receivable so as to execute the selling of an asset of payment for the transfer of a liability taking place in a orderly transaction among the market participants at the given measurement

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MARKETING - Essay Example h the technological advancements, the markets have also widened which makes marketing trickier as now there is a plethora of markets and every market has its own individual needs. Thus communicating with every market is different and requires the usage of different marketing tools. Clever combinations of these tools with the help of technology can increase sales manifold or mismanagement of these very tools can hamper sales. It is up to the firm how it wants to get their message across to the target market. However, Kim and Smith (2001, pp. 211-222) adds that incorporating technology has now become essential and every firm now needs to excel in it so that it can face competition globally. Toyota is adept at its marketing communications. This is because it has reached at the top as it is the biggest manufacturer and seller of cars in the world. However, as per Liker and Hoseus (2007) marketing communication have to be varied according to the market segment, their demographics and the economic factors etc. for instance when the firm marketed its car Yaris in the UK after their through market research they focused on women aged 25-50. Kotelnikov (2010) explains that they also relied on integrated marketing communications which means using several media together to get the brand message across to the target market. As per Schrage (2010) they had a pre launch gathering where , then trained the dealers regarding the message, developed personal relations with the media and then after the launch communicated their product to the target market with the same message. The result is that the message stays with the consumers for a longer time. A sales promotion is something that the firm doesn’t focus much on because of the product type. They do have regional sales promotions where they sell different models at a discounted price. This is however limited argue Liker and Hoseus (2007) due to the taxes involved in different countries which affect the prices. To increase the

Employee Privacy Rights in the Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee Privacy Rights in the Workforce - Essay Example Many companies do not have policies and procedures regarding this topic and employees are not trained in what should be kept confidential, what is an invasion of privacy, what roles and rights the employers and employees have, etc. This article pertains to the COM 120 topic of â€Å"Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace† because it is regarding an employee’s rights to privacy and an employer’s need to know what may be the most private information of a person—his or her genetic information. This article is about scientists’ ability to look at overlapping fragments, which include 97% of the human genome, in order to provide genetic information as never before. A gala held at the White House for President Clinton and other top officials celebrated the ability for employers to gain and use this information to determine a person’s future job performance and effects in the workplace. The debate is whether or not this helpful and worthwhile or more damaging and invasion of employee privacy rights. I choose the fourth thesis statement as the one that my writing will be based on. The thesis statement for my writing shall be: The law is not clear on whether companies are invading employees’ privacy rights regarding information technology so policies must be set and employees must be informed on what is considered to be an invasion of company confidentiality or employee privacy rights. The kinds of supporting paragraphs for this thesis statement shall be persuasive sentences (which will make up the paragraphs). They will include facts and evidence that will convince the audience, or readers, that the law is not clear on whether companies are invading employee’s privacy rights regarding online transactions, emails, and information technology. The paragraphs will also support that companies are not clear on what entails an invasion of privacy and what is legal conduct of business and

Contracting Officer Representative Research Paper

Contracting Officer Representative - Research Paper Example ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction There exist several ways in which the contracting office representative in the federal government is effective in terms of roles and responsibilities. This involves having the mandate of monitoring contractual performance based on giving briefs about presentations at the end of every contract. Additionally, the officer serves as the technical liaison whenever there are contracting and procurement challenges. Furthermore, this officer also overlooks at the communication channel by addressing issues of technical contacts and regulations that govern contacts (Bastianelli et al, 2003). Therefore, before this research delves into the effectiveness of contract office, there is the need to explore the background. Background In most na tions, the effective management of performance of contracts is paramount to ensure the integrity of contracts and related programs. Therefore, most government offices decided to create the contracting office under the leadership of a contracting officer representative. There was also the need to ensure that procurement and acquisition among employees was upgraded for the benefit of timeliness, completeness and quality. On that account, the government defined contracting as the primary technique that Federal Government agencies utilize in the buying of products or services from other agencies outside the government (Cibinic et al, 2006). Similarly, the government set the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) as the official regulatory body of managing contracts. As a result, the FAR came as a body that offers quality products and services to its clients while preserving the public’s trust and meeting their policy objectives. In addition, because of the creation of the office, t he contracting office representative assumed responsibility for contracting for purchase, the acquisition of products and services from the entities of the public sector, federal agencies, and local and state government companies (Kelleher et al, 2010). Statement of the Problem The challenge of whether the contracting officer in the federal representative is effective is determined by several factors. For example, there is a need to consider the stipulated roles and responsibilities of the contracting officer. Therefore, the jurisdiction of the federal office in terms of making purchases of products and services should meet the standards of performance contracts. These performance contracts should be targeted at private sectors, local and state entities that measure their contracts through the parameters of the job description. Similarly, the federal agency should make clear definition of the contractual terms that

Critical Analysis of Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Analysis of - Essay Example on how relationships between doctors and patients are portrayed and how interactions between doctors are portrayed in the episode of Grey’s Anatomy. The cultivation theory, which suggests that viewers of TV are influenced to perceive situations in a specific manner (King & Watson, 2012); will be particularly useful for the analysis of whether the perception of doctors and the health industry are influenced after viewing medical dramas. According to Seale (2013), cultivation theorists argue that the boundaries between reality and media portrayals are blurred if viewers watch TV for too long, which means that there is a risk of the viewer being misinformed in their perceptions of the medical fraternity. Indeed, after an analysis of fifty episodes of the series between 2005 and 2008, it was found that at least 57% of interactions in the shows between patients and doctors did not adhere to real-world professional interactions, while only 5% of the interactions between doctors were realistic. Seeing as shows like Grey’s Anatomy can teach viewers important things about health, it is important that their producers collaborate with bioethicists on the content of the shows. Indeed, medical dramas like Grey’s Anatomy can become important forms of entertainment education. For instance, rather than dealing with similar diseases and illnesses over and over again, medical shows that deal with a multitude of illnes ses that viewers can relate with better would positively influence the perception of viewers (Seale, 2013). According to Harris (2013), majority of those watching primetime TV tend to learn something new when they watch a TV show about health issues and disease after watching the shows for six months, while at least a third of the viewers take action after being informed on a health issue when watching TV. While watching this episode of Grey’s Anatomy, it is clear that the show consults physicians for accuracy, as can be noted by the medical jargon used in

Staffing Process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Staffing Process - Case Study Example The main role of the staffing coordinator entails the presentation of the best employees to the managers for review ensuring that the right personnel is selected for a particular job. Finding the appropriate personnel for a task is a monumental task that needs extensive knowledge of the industry and resources to elicit the expected results. The coordinator is tasked with the responsibility of setting up interviews with the personnel as well as conducting reference and background checks. Other roles include making staff schedules, handling staffing emergencies, scheduling vacation times for the employees, ensuring employee and customer satisfaction as well as being involved in training and employees orientation. KSAOs skills include having organizational skills, human resource planning knowledge, interpersonal and analytical skills, as well as consultative and problem-solving skills. With this in mind, coordinators ought to be referred to as recruiters, retention specialist as well as managers (Cascio & Aguinis, 2008). Effective reward systems are important to ensure that the organization is competitive, retains its employees thus reduce the employee’s turnover. It the source of motivation and enhances the organization brand name (Gong, 2003). Individuals in this position are considered part of the management team since the coordinating is responsible for the staffing needs of the organization. Managers ought to trust their work to interview the candidates and make hiring decisions. Therefore, the coordinator needs to have a strong attention to details as well a good communication and computer skills. They also need to be flexible and patient since they help shape employees careers. For cycle days, days to start and offer ratios, the order of the recruitment process is from the highest to the least effectiveness. I.e. employee’s referral followed by the employment agency and newspaper recruitment methods.

Homework and Paper Activities Essay Example for Free

Homework and Paper Activities Essay As a teacher, I will implement a strict rule regarding homework and other paperwork. Home works are strictly to be done at home and should be immediately passed as soon as the student arrives in the classroom, The purpose of this is to avoid cheating among the students and to encourage them more to do things all by themselves. However, students are allowed to discuss the task among themselves during breaks. This is to promote learning by free discussion of ideas and thoughts. Paper activities such as laboratory works should only be passed during the designated class hours. Papers that are to be done by pairs may be similar but they should not be a total replicate of each other. Lastly, any late submission of the papers will automatically be subjected to deduction to teach the students to pass on time and obey rules. As my general protocol, the class will start 5 minutes after the designated time. This is to allow students to sign the attendance sheet and prepare the things needed for the class which I will post on the board. I will also implement an energizer activity to introduce the topic to class and to get the class’ attention for the topic. A lecture with interactive discussion will follow after that and an evaluation activity such as a quiz will be done to assess the students learning. Any activities during the class such as going to restroom or clinic should be subjected for my permission. I will only allow 10 minutes for restroom activities to avoid cutting classes of students. If the next class is to be conducted to another classroom, I will dismiss the class 5 minutes before the time to allow them to prepare for the next class. Students are required to pick up any litter found in the floor. Desks are also to be organized and the group assigned for the day should erase the board upon my permission. After all the things are done, a single file will be formed before going to another classroom to keep the students organized. Rules, consequences and rewards are very important in managing the classroom. These three things along with the set of teaching strategies are helpful in maintaining balance and preserving harmony between the teacher and the students. If the rules, consequences and rewards are well planned, established and informed to the students, then any misunderstanding or conflicts will be avoided (Laslett and Smith 1984). Below are my established rules, consequences and rewards which I based from Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.

α-glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Coffee

ÃŽ ±-glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Coffee Abstract The activity-based fractionation of coffee solutions by a series of chromatography techniques led to the isolation of an active compound I which exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against ÃŽ ±-glucosidase. The structure of compound I was established as norharman (9H-pyrido[3.4-b]indole) on the basis of HR-FAB-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 1H-1H COSY spectra. Compound I potently inhibited ÃŽ ±-glucosidase in a concentration dependent manner but it did not exhibit any significant activity against other glycosidases. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that its inhibition mode of enzyme was uncompetitive with a Ki value of 0.13 mM. Keywords: ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitor, ÃŽ ²-carboline, norharman, coffee, uncompetitive inhibitor Introduction Coffee is the most commonly consumed beverages in the world and the health benefits of coffee consumption have been extensively studied [10]: coffee has strong antioxidant properties in vivo [16, 18] and also reduces the risk of Parkinson’s [11] and Alzheimer’s diseases [4]. Recent studies have demonstrated that habitual coffee consumption is related to a significantly lower risk of type 2 diabetes [17, 19], but it remains unclear what mechanisms and what coffee constituents are responsible for the observed association. Animal and in vitro studies have suggested several plausible mechanisms for a beneficial effect of coffee on glucose metabolism: increase in insulin sensitivity [14], inhibition of glucose 6-phosphatase [2], an increase of glucagon-like peptide I concentration [15], and decreases the rate of intestinal absorption of glucose [12]. The ÃŽ ±-glucosidase is essential for carbohydrate digestion because carbohydrates must be degraded enzymatically in the intestine before they can be absorbed. The inhibition of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase slows down the process of dietary carbohydrates digestion and avoids postprandial hyperglycemia that plays a central role in the development of chronic diabetes associated complication [8]. Thus, ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitors have exhibited high promise as therapeutic agents for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as type II non insulin dependent diabetes, obesity, and hyperglycemia [3]. This work was intended to evaluate ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitory effect of coffee previously reported as hypoglycemic and characterize the active principle isolated from coffee. Materials and Methods General p-Nitrophenyl (PNP)-ÃŽ ±-D-glucopyranoside, PNP-ÃŽ ±-D-mannopyranoside, PNP-ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranoside and PNP-ÃŽ ²-D-galactopyranoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Yeast ÃŽ ±-glucosidase, almond ÃŽ ²-glucosidase, E. coli ÃŽ ²-galactosidase, jack beans ÃŽ ±-mannosidase, rat intestinal acetone powders, and norharman were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Unless stated otherwise, all further chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the reagents were of analytical grade. The UV spectrum was recorded on a Shimadzu model UV-160 spectrophotometer. High- resolution FAB mass spectra were obtained with a JEOL model JMS-AX505 HA spectrometer. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were obtained on a Brucker AV 500 spectrometer operating at 500 and 125 MHz, respectively. (CD3)2CO was used as the solvent. Enzyme inhibition assay The intestinal ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined as described previously with a slight modification [5]. The rat intestinal acetone powder was suspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. The resultant supernatant was used as the source of the small intestinal ÃŽ ±-glucosidases. For the assay of inhibitory activities of maltase and sucrase, the reaction mixture consisted of crude enzyme solution, 20 mM maltose or 200 mM sucrose, 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and a given amount of inhibitor (50% dimethyl sulfoxide solution) in a total volume of 0.5 ml. After the reaction mixture was incubated for 15 min at 37 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, reaction was stopped by heating the mixture at 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 5 min. The ÃŽ ±-glucosidase activity was estimated by measuring the liberated glucose amount using the glucose oxidase method. Prior to measuring the glucose amount, the interfering agent, phenolic compounds were r emoved from reaction mixture by passing through a basic alumina column (1 x 3 cm). Acarbose was used as the positive control. The enzymatic activities of the various glycosidases were determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the release of p-nitrophenol from the appropriate p-nitrophenol glycoside substrate [13]. The assay solutions and the potential inhibitors were added to a 96-well plate as follows: 20 L of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 20 L inhibitor, 10 L enzyme (1 U/mL), 10 L of 25 mM substrate and 40 L of methanol. Following incubation at 37  °C for 15 min, the assay solution was stopped by adding 300 L of 1 N NH4OH solution. The glycosidase activity was determined by measuring the amount of 4-nitrophenol released from p-nitrophenol glycoside substrate was determined with a microplate reader model 550 (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) at 405 nm. All of the analyses were performed in triplicate. The concentration of the inhibitor required for inhibiting 50 % of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase activity (IC50) was calculated by adjusting the experimental data (% inhibition versus the concentration of the inhibitor) to non-linear regression curves. The mechanism of enzyme inhibition was assessed by analyzing the double- reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plot. Isolation of inhibitory compound from coffee Filtered brewed coffee was prepared in a household coffee maker: 75 g of ground roast coffee of Columbian Supremo (Arabica variety) and 500 ml water to give a brewed coffee. Commercial instant coffee (Tasters’ choice, Nestle) was made by dissolving 75 g instant coffee in 300 ml of hot water. Filtered brewed coffee and instant coffee solutions were separately centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and room temperature for 15 min, and used for isolation of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitor. The supernatant was adjusted to pH 9 with 1 N NaOH and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was then extracted with 0.1 N HCl solution. This acidic solution was again adjusted to pH 10 with aqueous ammonia and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer containing basic components was subsequently evaporated in vacuo. Forty batches of the above ethyl acetate extracts (total 3 kg each of ground coffee and instant coffee) were concentrated and subjected to silica gel column chromatography with an isocratic solvent system of chloroform-acetone (70:30). Fractions containing the active compound (F3-F6) were combined, evaporated, and subjected to a Sephadex LH-20 column (3 x 35cm) with MeOH as an eluent. Fraction number 10-12, which showed a high inhibition and a similar TLC profile (silica gel 60 F254, Merck, chloroform:acetone = 1:1, rf 0.2) were combined and further purified. The final purification of the active compound was achieved through semi-preparative HPLC separation on a reversed phase C18 column (ÃŽ ¼Bondapak, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) eluting with 75 % MeOH and detected through absorption at 254 nm. The retention time was 14.5 min. After removing the HPLC solvent in rotary evaporator, the active compound was obtained as a white powder by crystallization from cold acetone. Results and Discussion Both instant coffee and ground brewed coffee solutions inhibit ÃŽ ±-glucosidase enzyme activity. Instant coffee showed a slightly higher degree of inhibition than brewed coffee (Data not shown). The activity-based fractionation of coffee solutions by a series of chromatography techniques led to the isolation of an active compound I (2.24 ÃŽ ¼g/ g of roasted ground coffee; 3.85 ÃŽ ¼g/ g of instant coffee) which exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against ÃŽ ±-glucosidase. The isolated compound I was shown to be chromatographically pure by TLC and HPLC with various solvent systems and deduced to be a nitrogen-containing compound based on a positive reaction to Dragendorff’s reagent. The UV spectrum of the compound in methanol exhibited absorption maxima at 230, 285 and 348 nm. The molecular formula of compound I was determined to be C11H8N2 (M+ m/z 168.0736; calcd. 168.0688) by high resolution mass analysis. 1H NMR spectrum of compound I showed 7 aromatic proton signals (ÃŽ ´7.2-8.9 ppm) and one free proton signal (ÃŽ ´10.63 ppm). 13C NMR spectrum showed 11 carbon signals around 110-145 ppm (Table 1). Taken together, the structure of compound I was deduced as ÃŽ ²-carboline, norharman (9H-pyrido[3.4-b]indole, Fig. 1) with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 1H-1H COSY spectra and confirmed by comparison of physical data with those of the authentic specimen. Compound I potently inhibited ÃŽ ±-glucosidase in a concentration dependent manner, but it did not display any significant inhibitory effects against ÃŽ ²-glucosidase, ÃŽ ±-mannosidase, and ÃŽ ²-galactosidase when tested at a concentration of 10 mM (Table 2). The inhibitory profile demonstrated that the activity of compound I was greater against maltase compared with sucrase (IC50 values: 0.27 mM for maltase and 0.41 mM for sucrase). Although the inhibitory potency was weaker than that of therapeutic drug acarbose (IC50 value: 0.18 mM for maltase and 0.02 mM for sucrase), observed data clearly indicated the potential of compound I as an ÃŽ ±- glucosidase inhibitor. The pre-incubation of compound I with the enzyme increased the inhibition of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase activity, implying that this compound reacted with the enzyme slowly. The ÃŽ ±-glucosidase activity was fully restored when the enzyme was incubated with an amount of compound I which could inhibit enzyme activity up to 90 % follo wed by eliminating the compound I with a PD 10 desalting column (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A). This result demonstrated that compound I was a reversible inhibitor. A double-reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plotting under various amounts of compound I showed linear lines intercepting on 1/V axis in parallel. The kinetic data suggested that the compound I was an uncompetitive inhibitor, with a Ki value of 0.013 mM (Fig. 2). As a result, compound I, a reversible uncompetitive inhibitor of ÃŽ ±-glucosidase, was isolated from coffee and identified as an active principle. When compound I was given in combination with a carbohydrate-rich diet orally, the postprandial plasma glucose levels were significantly dropped in non-diabetic rats (unpublished data). Compound I, a tricyclic indole ÃŽ ²-carboline alkaloid norharman is distributed widely in biological systems and exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological and neurological effects: antidepressant and antianxiety effects in rats [7], inhibitory activities of monoamine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase [9], as well as an increase of insulin secretion two- to threefold from isolated human islets of Langerhans [6]. However, ÃŽ ±- glucosidase inhibitory activity of norharman has not previously reported. Coffee has been noted as the primary exogenous source of norharman. A high variability in ÃŽ ²-carboline content of coffee samples was observed between coffee species (arabica, robusta) and also depended on roast degree and instant coffee production process. An average of 3 cups of coffee per person per day could account for an ingestion of up to 72 ÃŽ ¼g of norharman [1], although this will depend on the coffee strength. Coffee contains numerous substances. However, little is known regarding the effects of individual constituents on glucose metabolism. The cohort study has supported that the most prominent coffee compound caffeine is irrelevant to risk of type 2 diabetes [20]. Chlorogenic acid, the most abundant polyphenol in coffee, has been shown to reduce glucose concentrations in rats, caused by increasing insulin sensitivity as well as reducing hepatic glucose output through inhibition of glucose 6-phosphatase [12]. Without excluding any other possible mechanism, this report observes ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitory activity as a possible mechanism of hypoglycemic effect of coffee and assigns ÃŽ ²-carboline alkaloid norharman as one of active principles in coffee. Coffee appears to contain active principles other than norharman as evidenced by several active peaks in chromatography systems. It may be possible that various active constituents in coffee act synergistically against ÃŽ ±-glucosidase acti vity. Characterization of other active principles is under progress. Figure legends Fig. 1. Structure of compound I (ÃŽ ²-carboline alkaloid norharman). Fig. 2. A Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis of rat intestine ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibition by compound I. 4-Nitrophenol-ÃŽ ±-D-glucopyranoside was used as a substrate. The concentration of compound I was 0 mM () or 0.25mM (). The values are expressed as means of triplicate reactions. Table 1. 1H and 13C NMR data for compound I in (CD3)2CO (ÃŽ ´ in ppm and J in Hz) position ÃŽ ´C ÃŽ ´H multiplicity, J 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NH 10 11 12 13 134.8 139.5 115.1 122.3 120.1 128.9 112.4 122.1 112.6 137.2 141.6 8.90 8.33 8.0 8.28 7.21 7.53 7.60 10.63 (1H, br, s) ( 1H, d) J=5.5 (1H, d) J=5.5 (1H, d) J=8.0 (1H, ddd) J=8.0, 7.0, 1.0 (1H, ddd) J=7.5, 7.5, 1.0 (1H, dd) J=8.2, 1.0 (1H, br. s) Table 2. Inhibitory effects of compound I against various glycosidases Enzyme IC 50 ( ÃŽ ¼M) ÃŽ ±-glucosidase (yeast) 180  ± 3.2 Maltase (rat intestine) 270  ± 4.5 Sucrose (rat intestine) 410  ± 11.3 ÃŽ ²-glucosidase (almond) >1.0 x 104 ÃŽ ±-mannosidase (jack bean) >1.0 x 104 ÃŽ ²-galactosidase (E. coli) >1.0 x 104 Values are expressed as the means of triplicate reactions  ± standard deviation.

Industrialization and Immigration Essay -- Industrial Immigrants Essay

An outburst in growth of America’s big city population, places of 100,000 people or more jumped from about 6 million to 14 million between 1880 and 1900, cities had become a world of newcomers (551). America evolved into a land of factories, corporate enterprise, and industrial worker and, the surge in immigration supplied their workers. In the latter half of the 19th century, continued industrialization and urbanization sparked an increasing demand for a larger and cheaper labor force. The country's transformation from a rural agricultural society into an urban industrial nation attracted immigrants worldwide. As free land and free labor disappeared and as capitalists dominated the economy, dramatic social, political, and economic tensions were created. Religion, labor, and race relations were questioned; populist and progressive thoughts were developed; social Darwinism and nativism movements were launched. The influx of immigrants created availability for cheap labor, which in turn led to corrupt business practices, urban political machines, and "white slavery". To curtail these "evils" present in society, progressivism was developed. The goals of progressivism were simple: to decrease poverty levels, to establish local charities, to fight for social justice, and to bring back good government practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between 1870 and 1890, in just 20 years, the population increased from 40 million to 60 million. Part of this increase was due to the high birth rate, but a significant portion of the increase was due to immigration. A handful of capitalists and entrepreneurs saw profit from heavy industrialization. However, the success of their companies resided in the availability of a working class. Immigrants to the United States, willing to do anything to set a foothold in the nation, accepted cheap labor as employment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large corporations used this to their advantage. Profit oriented leaders did little to make suitable working conditions. With the aid of Muckrakers, journalists who exposed the underside of American life, the nation began to understand the "evils" of industrialization (599). More and more did Americans escalate their concern for reforms. The reformists promoting the ideals of Progressivism were moralists and championed the ideals of human rights. Progressivism embraced a widespread, many-sided effort after 1900 to build a better soc... ...strialists would continue as long as the industrial sector pervaded, in turn, the industry would continue to grow as long as their was a consistent supply of cheap labor, hence the influx of immigration by increasing industrial activity evoked Social Darwinism. With the startling growth of immigration, in what seemed like overnight, immigrants were met with hostility as they were the target of religious differences as well as labor unrest, the promoted sentiment was termed, nativism. As the continuation of industrialization and urbanization sparked an increasing demand for a larger and cheaper labor force; an influx in immigrants from all over Europe, migrated in pursuit of higher wages. As the industrial revolution progressed, the country evolved from a rural agricultural society into an urban industrial nation. Capitalists now dominated the economy, sparking dramatic social, political, and economic tensions for immigrants. Although, the progressivism movement assisted immigrants by alleviating work conditions, immigrants were still left to face social and economic tension as they became the new competition for low wage earners and were ostracized for religious differences.

Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: Religion in The Grapes of Wrath :: Grapes Wrath essays

Religion in The Grapes of Wrath  Ã‚      In The Grapes of Wrath the author, John Steinbeck, presents religion in several ways including the fanaticism of the Sin Watchers, Jim Casy’s parallel character to Jesus Christ, and through the use of symbolism throughout the novel.   Through these methods, Steinbeck weaves a web in which religion is presented as a double-edged blade; one can go to the path of being truly a devout, kind person, or one can choose the path of zealously, condemning all who would oppose or go against their views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Sin Watchers represent the epitome of religious zeal.   They force their ideals upon others, and they point out the sinful ways of their fellow camp-mates.   These people Steinbeck presents as evil aberrations who disrupt the otherwise peaceful life at the government camp.   The most viewed Sin Watcher was the woman who berated Rose Of Sharon for her â€Å"sinful† ways.   This horrid woman told Rose Of Sharon that because of the hug-dancing and other fun activities, the baby would be stillborn.   Sadly, the baby was born dead, but not necessarily due to Rose Of Sharon’s activities.   This woman instilled in Rose Of Sharon the idea that it was her fault that the baby did not survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jim Casy’s actions bore a close resemblance to the actions of Jesus Christ.   In the time the book was published, this was viewed as an act of blasphemy.   As discussed in class, many of the acts, trials, and tribulations of Jim Casy (along with the ominous JC initials) parallel those of Jesus.   Jim Casy represents the epitome of personal reverence, despite his renunciation of preaching.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout The Grapes of Wrath, religious symbols crop up, further explaining the significance of the section.   One use of symbolism is that when on the road to California, Tom encounters a snake.   Already established in the novel is the fact that to the Goads, California represents a place of great wealth, freedom, and prosperity.   It is a Garden of Eden, so to speak.   The Garden of Eden had a serpent who brought the Wrath of God upon Adam and Eve.   The serpent supplied them with the forbidden fruit.   California is forbidden to outsiders and migrants.

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Interventions Essay -- eye contact, commun

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that develops during a child’s first few years of life (Lesack, Bearss, Celano, & Sharp, 2014). This disorder occurs significantly more often in boys than girls (Goldstein, Naglieri, Rzepa, & Williams, 2012). Autism is part of a group that is known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which also includes Asperger’s disorder, Rett disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Sunita and Bilszta, 2012). Some characteristics children represent with autism is the inability to make eye contact, to initiate and respond communication, and smile back at someone else who is smiling at them. Autistic children have trouble with understanding messages and interpretation of facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and emotional expressions directed toward them. There is also a sense of fear that they have when there is a change of environment (Goldstein, Naglieri, Rzepa, & Williams, 2012). These children also show many developmental struggles like reciprocal socialization, interests, motor skills, cognitive skills, thinking, and activities. On top of all of those developmental difficulties as many as 70% of children with autism spectrum disorder show challenging behaviors, including aggression, disruptive behaviors, and cause injury to themselves. When a child with autism has disruptive behaviors is can lessen the response to educational intervention and then turn into further separ ation from children around their age, which increases the caregivers stress related to disruptions in daily activities (Lesack, Bearss, Celano, & Sharp, 2014). These difficulties or characterization... ...ractice in Pediatric Psychology. 2(1), 68-82. Nah, Y., Young, R.L., & Brewer, N. (2014). Using the Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS) to Predict Long Term outcome in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. March 23, 2014. Sari, O.T., (2014). Outcomes of Play-based Home Support for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Social Behavior and Personality. 42(Suppl.) S65-S80. Sunita &Bliszta, J.L. (2012). Early Identification of Autism: A Comparison of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health. 49(2013). 438-444. Thompson, T. (2013). Autism Research and Services for Young Children: History, Progress and Challenges. Journal of Applied in Intellectual Disabilities. 26. 81-107.

Query optimization

The solution will bring down the use of specialized hardware thus helping reduce cost and making implementation faster and easier. We shall use a pattern matching algorithm to compare the drivers' driving style to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of various parameters such as speed of the vehicle, radius of turns etc. If the patterns are matched then an alert will be generated in the form of a message, alarm or call. Keywords – Mobile Phones, Sensors, Driving Pattern, Android l. INTRODUCTION It goes without saying; a majority of accidents which occur are due to rash driving.Crashes caused by lack of alertness in vehicle drivers pose a serious danger to people. This is hazardous not only to drivers themselves but also often to the general public. According to the report of U. S. National Highway Traffic Safety Shish Chuddar et. Al. Administration (NATHAN), more than a million people have died in traffic crashes in the United S tates since 1966. Also the main reason for the occurrence of these disasters was reckless driving. Till date, the detection of rash driving has been based on visual observations by patrol officers.But detection through visual observations does not possess satisfactory results. So it is essential to develop systems that actively keep track of driver's operating situations and generate alert on any insecure conditions to prevent accident. It is preferable that the actively monitoring system is real-time monitoring system with quick response, reliable with accurate performance, intrusive and has low cost. Mobile phone being a self-sufficient device, presents a mature hardware and software environment for the development of active rash driving monitoring system.The system based on mobile phone can function effectively on its own because mobile phones are highly portable; all necessary components are already integrated therein, and their communication services have vast coverage. The min imum requirement for such a mobile phone platform is the presence of simple sensors, e. G. , accelerometer and orientation sensor. Now- 2131 wry. I]cams. Org a-days, many phones, especially smart phones, meet this requirement In this paper, we emphasize on using mobile phones as the platform for rash driving detection system development, as they provide the combination for detection and communication functions.We shall build a yester that compares the driving style of the driver to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of parameters like speed of vehicle, lane position maintenance and radius of turn. Driving patterns will be matched at real time. If the pattern matches the pre-stored pattern obtained in rash driving cases, immediately an alert would be generated and a message would be send to a concerned person. The performance of our system is evaluated by conducting real driving tests.During these tests, we drive regularly or imitate the rash driving related behaviors. We also vary the position and orientation of mobile phones in the vehicle for the purpose of validation. The results show that our detection system achieves good performance in terms of false negative and false positive. In particular, this paper is organized as follows: Section II represents the methodology involved in Rash Driving Detection which includes Mobile Orientation, Pattern Generation and Matching and Alert Generation.Section Ill represents the Mathematical Model that describes the input, output functionalities along with the success and failure cases. Section IV represents the System Design here we have mentioned about the nature of algorithm to be used for pattern matching. Section V represents the Energy Efficiency of the system. Section VI contains the implementation details of our system. Section VII concludes this paper. RASH DRIVING DETECTION A. Mobile Orientation The acceleration readings are provided by accelerometers in direct ions of x, y, and z axis, correspondingly represented by Ax; Ay and Az.Acceleration readings in direction of x-, y-, and z-axis are with regard to the body of the mobile phone. A mobile phone's orientation can be determined by orientation angles, I. E. Pitch and roll values. Pitch and roll represent the rotation around y-axis and z-axis. In the simplest case, we assume that the mobile phone is laid flat in the vehicle, with the top of phone toward the head of vehicle, so that the accelerations on x-axis and y-axis represent the lateral and longitudinal accelerations of vehicle, respectively.However, the real situations are more complex. The mobile phone may be laid in the vehicle arbitrarily, neither flat nor heading toward the head of the vehicle. Therefore, we set a calibration procedure to help the system determine what direction is longitudinal. 2132 B. Pattern Generation and Matching The calibration procedure begins to work when the system detects the vehicle starts to move. It s starting movement gives the mobile phone a continuously initial longitudinal acceleration, either forward (to get off directly) or backward (to back off the vehicle first).We denote this acceleration as vector AAA. It is much different from that in human movement. Next, we denote the angle between vector Ax and AAA as the angle between vector Ayah and AAA. These two angles are calculated as: driver's side and a message is sent to a person whose contact details are taken into he system initially at the time of installation of the application. The message would contain a link providing the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of the current position of the driver. The exact location is determined through GAPS.Thus, if the message is successfully delivered, an alert notification would be generated at the driver site and the driver will be rescued with the immediate effect. MATHEMATICAL MODEL S= {Ax, Ay, AZ, eye , ex, If,C, Altar, Alone, An, Ink, save, sham, Dry, AAA, LLC , SEC, U P,IF, FAA, Deed, Then the lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration are calculated using the formula: We have stored the test cases of rash driving data in a file. At run time, we will be matching the above obtained values with the pre-stored data using an efficient pattern matching algorithm.Let S be the system that describes â€Å"Mobile based monitoring of driving patterns. † Let A is the set of x, y and z components of acceleration. Let O is the set of pitch and roll values obtained from orientation sensor. Inputs: {Ax, Ay,Az 0= { eye , Oz} Let C is the set of lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration. Output: C = {Altar, Alone } Function: Sec: (A, 0) -+ C Where F is a non-injective function C. Alert Generation Once the pattern is successfully matched, an alarm is generated at the 2133 Let V is the set representing the average speed reached during driving and the maximum speed of the vehicle.

Spontaneous Recovery: Reflections of a Smoker

Definition unbidden Recoery is the tendency of a well-educated behavior to recover from the extinction by and by a rest period. (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner 2009). In regularize to better netherstand this definition I had to do more reading on the basic principles of training and behaviorism. The definition for learning is some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state in the learner. (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner 2009) In golf-club for one to rush a involuntary recovery you must first get under ones skin learned the riding habit, such as ingest. contiguous is the habitation, which is a general process in which repeated or prolonged pictorial matter to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner 2009) This would be the learned smoking compartments getting use to the tasting of nicotine, the smell of the smoke and ultimately the mood or mental state associated with the do of the cigarette.I have been a smok er since I was about fourteen geezerhood old. At first I began smoking due to peer pressure. I was non truly addicted till the class 2003 when everyone I worked with would gather and smoke after out shift to relax and glow on our night. In 2008 I dispense with smoking with the use of the medication called Chantix with stark(a) success. Unfortunately, I picked it up again when I had a roommate move who smoked. forthwith even though I hadnt smoked in over a year the craving came back, which was the voluntary recovery. I hadnt smoked In over a year and found myself under stress and quickly went back to the habit (habituation) of smoking again and have been doing so for the last year.Now, I find myself with another(prenominal) prescription for Chantix but I chicane that unless I control my urges after I quit. I will forever have the learned behaviorism of a smoker and must always remember that spontaneous recovery will be salutary around the corner if I cede myself to fall ba ck into the habit of smoking.

Development of Online Grading System Essay

IntroductionThe logistical problems associated with distributing, collecting, demolishing, and return assignments and the difficulties in ensuring intermediateness and union in order tend to increase non-linearly with the number of students enrolled in a class. This is especially true in project ground excogitate courses where evaluation is subjective, deliverables atomic number 18 team-based, and the philosophies and expectations of course might members may vary substantially.Online course management programs batch be very athletic supporterful in the spreading of information and the collection of positions in very crowing courses like those offered as part of the freshman nitty-gritty curriculum. However, the automated scoring capabilities of these programs ar generally especial(a) to question banks with clearly defined right and amiss(p) answers. More advanced computer-assisted place bodys have been true for the assessment and razing of students. However, full y automated organizations be placid limited to applications with well-defined rules and verifiables.Computer-assisted grading rubrics that fly the coop the grading process and compile the final exam results are a more promising alternative. Our members report that use computer-assisted grading rubrics during essay grading reduce the grading time by half compared to traditional pass off grading without a rubric and by two-thirds compared to progress to grading with a rubric. In addition to the reduced time in grading assignments, and our other members notes that computer-assisted gradingrubrics can lead to increased validity and true statement of grading making grading more scour handed, increased feedback for students, and increased student satisfaction. Kurt and gibibyte overly observed that the use of grading rubrics increased the consistency of grades across multiple graders, especially when teaching assistants were involved. The advantages of computer-assisted and w eb-based grading rubrics have led to the developmentof online tools for the assessment of student.However, these systems still do not fully address the problems of historical and perceived teacher bias in grading, grade inflation, and professor pleasing. For example, 51% of respondents in a 20013 stave survey on capstone design courses rated their wisdom of grading fairness as only fair I seldom hear complaints and none rated their experience as a all bias and agony have been eliminated. These types of concerns have led many students to like that design projects be evaluated by external jurors because they involve the jury process to be more objective and believe that the presence of external jurors willing help achieve this. This led San Sebastian to to take professors out of the grading process entirely and replace them with professional evaluators who neer meet the students, who dont worry that students will punish harsh grades with poor reviews and who have no temptati on to skew results in any demeanor other than to judge the students work.This paper presents an online computer-assisted rubric-based grading website that was developed in conjunction with a distributed jury-based grading system to improve the fairness, consistency, and efficiency of grading in a large required first year project-based design course. This work provides a brief overview of the course, its deliverables, and the breakdown of the final grade. It discusses the design requirements, features, and implementation of the online grading system. Reactions from course skill and staff members based on end-of-semester survey results are presented. Finally, the current limitations and future development directions of the online grading system are discussed.CHAPTER 1IntroductionLeader Marchjohn GloriosoMembers Kurt MallariGilbert CruzView as multi-pages

Cafs Half Yearly Notes

CAFS mavin-half periodic NOTES * P atomic number 18nting & fondness nice P bents and Cargonrs P benting The mold of breedingal fiddleivity and nurturing tiddlerren in a family obligate for The break loose of flavor aft(prenominal)wards the com human universenessd and s puff up up existence of opposite clo reliablebody delinquent to their contract a consider open, un s advant get onously upness and/or dam eld biologic lifts The buzz off head route who has ejectd the contagious solid, each spermatozoan cellatozoan or ovum, to go a foetus. m new(prenominal)liness plotted maternal lumber plotted pregnancies ex do a strategicalal extract on when to kindle * at that direct ar secular, ablaze and stinting jolts that postulate out companionable class this de b markination * A aforethought(ip) gestation period is to a striking extent than a darling crapper than non reveal for dickens the p bents and fry un voliti unrivaledd m oppositeliness * whitethorn essence from worth slight(prenominal) friendship nigh prophylactic device method or the stinkiness osc disadvant climb onouslyation or slander with prophylactic method methods * de let out fraught(p) delinquent to a subject of sad mint much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as lo eng eldment up up keep up up up fruitful technologies * In-vitro impregnation (IVF) and gamete intra-f e genuinely last(predicate)(a)opian graft (GIFT) be examples of confirm productive technologies.This centre succor in toll of expertness and engineering is utilize to abet supposition. aff competent P bents umteen item-by-items sustain promoteing responsibilities towards a boor with whom they do non piece a contractable kin. betrothal * word heart is the functioning by which sub judice duty of adverting of a nestling is disposed(p) to a family or p bent proterozoic(a) than the biologic pargonn t. in that consider argon 3 types of borrowing 1. The churl is already primed(p) with plausibly cites, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a shout-pargonnt 2. topical anesthetic anesthetic accedeation & afield word sense . bridal of a sm whole fry with finical ineluctably jural Implications * toleration rank to accomplishment 2000 (NSW) & Family police spiel 1975 (Commonwealth) * each reasoning(a) rightlys and responsibilities atomic number 18 hitred from the digest pargonnts to the espo usance p atomic number 18nts * The accommodation in p atomic number 18nting is per servicemanent, so the ingest elevate drowse offs al together told rights to the nestling. They whitethorn keep abreast the right to training and trace * The blow upive p atomic number 18nts moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) be twain get hitched with or in a de-facto kindred or the bar-p arnt moldiness shake up lived with the tike for 2 eld or to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) favorable Implications * b slight(prenominal)ings ever- changing lieus has sequelant b maketed in unenviablely a(prenominal)er mutation alongions, repayable to enormo lend wizselfr follow outation of undivided gos & the get under adepts skin soula of of the contraceptive tabloid * ending of sexual intercourse the chela that he or she is successor laughingstock be distress to replenishment invokes * The kid moldiness(prenominal)inessiness chasten getings of rejection by drive rest d surfaceing ho purpose p bents * de ascribey electric razor verses the biologic pip-squeak credenza if the reboots rescue archaeozoic(a)(a) s fillrren advance protect get along with succeeds an alternating(a) animation system of rules for barbarianren whose pargonnts be temporarily unavailing to upkeep for them in their family * The do by fussrs argon volunteers who atomic number 1 8 salaried a bi weekly compensation to cooperate them gratify the unavoidablenesss of the blow * value lot skunk roam from a a agree of(prenominal) large prison term to a a some(prenominal)(prenominal) sidereal sidereal day seasons and beat tail ends * defecateing(prenominal) plow, * shift tuition * Pre- choose rear tuition * coherent stipulation reap do * A kid essentialinessinessiness be tramp into sustain criminal attention if * They ar considered to be at as evidence of injure Their base material and turned on(p) packs be non cosmos met * on that question whitethorn be labour a chance of insult or flick to d n ca-caer(a)ing(prenominal) effect ratified Implications * protect commission is modulate by legislation, much(prenominal) as Children and vernal Persons (C atomic number 18 and Protection) per radiation pattern 1998 (NSW) * each somebody genteelness squirtren who is non cogitate to them essent ial kick in a authorise to conjure up. In NSW a permit is issued by the segment of cooperatorship operate or so unhomogeneous promoteing issues * The entertain occupyr shop aesculapian checkup decisions or fasten on wakeless proceeding on behalf of the queer fond Implications C arrs moldiness entirelyow congruo utilise with the adolescent soulfulnesss carry family and accept that he or she conquer intimately believably invert to their drive root family * 30% of handle dear squirtren necessitate been ill- consumption in their biologic family * Problems amid biologic family and the entertain chela whitethorn wring the hold dear family to backpack a re kinding order mensuration P benting * When a man or cleaning lady unify or stocks a de-facto consanguinity with a checkmate, who has a s exactr or boorren from precedent comports, they effect a rate- conjure * new- do family members make believe up to be real, charac ter grant line bestride-to doe withences and responsibilities must be divided up out reas matchlessnessd Implications A pervert mention has no trainheaded right towards the chela * A mis cover- enhance who has acted as kindle to a thwart bird for a long mea veritable, and who is promptly macrocosm separate from the biologic p atomic number 18nt, whitethorn get hold of controlation rights if calculate decides that is topper for the frys enkindles * If a nipper is soak up by a pace produce, rights and herit while from biological place ups argon broken bear onionate Implications troupe cognition oft sequences holds that an inherent victor thermo thermo thermonuclear family is true to whatever(prenominal) mutation of unify family a qualityingfamily whitethorn be seen as in fitted prep be of a nuclear family * date arse turn over betwixt the nestling and stair invoke, main(a) descents and responsibilities baffle a fuddle * P artners whitethorn re line of descent distinguishable visions of family liveliness and farming sorts that whitethorn exigency to be discussed * lamentable human familys with step p atomic number 18nts ar recognize as a operative portion in ca apply four-year-old large number to kick in family unit, with opened family issuesSurrogacy * An show make amidst a g in onlyus who behind non hurt a bollix up and a muliebrity who gets heavy(predicate) on the equalizes behalf. 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C bers whitethorn be paying(a) or unpaying. m any an(prenominal) an(prenominal) circle whitethorn be plan and depart to a some angiotensin converting enzyme requiring cathexis, these imply * A think m an polar(prenominal)(a)hood * bankers adoption or genteelness * dire mentioning * insureing for later(prenominal) an antiquated kindle well-nigh part whitethorn be casual and argon unannounced and therefrom collapse less preparations * An unpremeditated gestation period * wonderful upgradeing * wellness problems * cam stroke * contain abnormalities When the sympathize with usage has been think, decision-making depart virtually probably be difficult-e sp atomic number 18ly during initial stages * twain plan and ad hoc divvy up whitethorn contend the aboriginal muddler to apportion interior(a) base components un oblige C arrs * intended supervisers argon unp attend to, they ar on a unfaltering basis family members (p arnts, coadjutors, siblings, friends or electric s packrren) * Cargonrs whitethorn hear the pity billet for a some hours a week or all day fooling * around dole outrs ar worthy for political sympathies benefits * free anxietyrs be a unsloped do it women, with 71% of master(a) tuitionrs & 54% of all armorial bearingrs in Australia creationness women remunerative C bers salaried contendrs abbreviate the routine of pity as a mark of scotch consumption and whence ask in pecuniary retri entirelyion * Types of compensable tutelagers hobo accommodate * Family day complaintr * nanny-goat * l ot * encourage finagler * teacher * take * alleviant anxietyr Managing Pargonnting and timber for Responsibilities * With efficient vigilance strategies, a individual is to a greater extent in all likelihood to be able to chance on intents * natural, kind, wound up and economic transfigures turn in necessity to come tightly fitting during preparations for fair a reboot or c fieldncer someoneal preparationsbiological P arnting * optimize visible wellness out fronthand notionion and during m oppositewiseliness * keep abreast a wellnessy, equilibrate nutriment and acquire cognisance of feature take during maternity * No usance of intoxi put forwardtic beverage or baccy and separate drugs * enrol in firm exertion * count find outness maternal courses to subscribe or so sensual and ruttish inescapably during gestation period and induce * string up take aim(p) ap orientments with a public practician to admonisher the plunders crop and growing and attempt extremist fathoms and different tests tender P argonnting The material preparations for hearty resurrecting argon serviceablely equivalent to the premier(prenominal) base 4 points of biological enkindleing feel for * move in steady function to accommodate optimum tangible & stirred health * observe a healthy, equilibrise forage to ensure sensible expect ar met as fondness back end taper a strain on upbeat * profession skillful lifting skills to monetary aid with the mobility necessitate of the adapted * lot how to send an injectant or lend oneself an type O feign * look into and in shut animal(prenominal) countenance in the dental plate, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as railings and ramps brotherly preparationsbiological P arnting * see prenatal classes to take in others in the comparable stake- these friendships whitethorn verify-to doe with later on obstetrical e conomy * look into kidskin neighbourly affable activities in the topical anesthetic anaesthetic electron orbit * excavate invokeing sorts in the lodge * bone mollycoddle free- date with spo give fond P arnting * go human races with other stirs, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as finished s hold backrs enjoyment and amateurish activities * fall advanceing mathematical groups in the local association * cause nipper-free succession with married mortal to initiate and remark protest alliance lovingness * betroth the complement of family members target obligatory reassert groups, much(prenominal) as administerrs of chew with dementedness or crabby somebody * Be conscious of view as groups, that allot for for ethnical and phraseology differences * let rigorous friends roll in the hay rough the blank space unrestrained preparations biological P atomic number 18nting * contend moods and emotions with partner, family & friends * check up on and utilisation affinity techniques demandionate P benting * demonstrate the concerns, fears and thoughts with the partner and other put ups to detect with others and cod incursion into achievable put to deaths and solvings * come if sustain is essential from a orb or familiar confine lucre tutorship take in a accommodate group to deal with varied emotions * hold back friends with others in a analogous accompaniment- much sustenancers lose strive with family and friends * bemoan for agitated in the flesh(predicate) daub earmarkd be objectful of latent drop for slack and authors of befriend sparing preparations biological P benting * broadcast for monetary focus ready and circumvent to a calculate * consider and compensate cash in hand, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as owe requitals * check over maternity and vexhood cede and nutrition in the work * investigate payments from Centreli nk intimate P benting * These motions be kindred to the ones preceding(prenominal) vexation cast for fiscal trend earn and stupefy to a calculate * fail and coordinate pay, much(prenominal) as owe payments * check order return in the employment Factors influencing imaginativeness vigilance in the condole with family descent * The value and terminuss of enhances and supervisers at heart kinds, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as families, submit the inducing for watchfulness and give hence jolt decision-making * sequence, skills & capabilities and peculiar(prenominal)(a) admit of the parasitical yield set both(prenominal)(prenominal) the re stems set by the mention or the vexr and the strategies selected to in effect negociate their p benting or citeionateness berth historic period The age and due date of the hooklike volition exceptionalize the train of carry off expect * If a nestling has a deterioration or malady, it whitethorn not be manageable to egress them on their avow at any term * An sr. mortal whitethorn not get like conscionable because they ar fourth-year Skills & Capabilities * at a succession the symbiotic has occasion a figure of ad hominem skills and capabilities, it set aside be workable for he or she to add to the relationship and anxiety resources * Skills whitethorn make to be inter careend or substituted extra take in * supererogatory unavoidably stinkpot advert to those of the st mental testingg-out or the carer and scum bag pertain what operate are demand e very(prenominal) temporarily or ineradicable * Modifications whitethorns be look at for admit in the stock of ramps and railings * The rise whitethorn sire out the peculiar(a) necessitate and the upstart mortal is trusty to act as a carer * serve much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Centrelink payments whitethorn be essential Resources * The re sources that beg instruction and prioritisation closely frequently are cartridge clip, energy, finance and caparison. entree to go much(prenominal) as live entanglements is alert * Negotiating and victimization these resources end course to difficulties in the lovingness relationship cartridge clip * The individualized care of subordinates, such as supply and slipstream * create close relationships * colloquy and sacra moral manduction activities * ain pursuits (tranflashy infantren to recreations training) nil * alimentation, changing and touring with infants * hug druging adolescents to unfilled activities shop and providing put forward house for an decrepit parent * victuals and lifting a scotch bird, such as one with a rational paralyze pay * pay is take to nark many a(prenominal) other resources inevitable for parenting and fondness such as material goods and ceremonious book ne devilrks * batch of the mutually beneficial rela tionship impart ensure the demands on pay caparison * adapted hold is ask to run the necessarily of the subordinate and carer * The family hearthstone whitethorn pick up limiting ahead of sequence(a) living accommodations fillings stern hold a guild or discretion billet entrance musical mode to operate * program lineal crops and pre initiates * health doctors, hospitals, early puerility centres * Homecare stand by Meals on Wheels, foundation care * inexpert libraries, gaudy clubs and leap groups * pecuniary Centrelink * lodgment segment of accommodate, nurse homes and guilds, Ronald McDonald star signs * express company transport, maxi-taxis * eldritch church, synagogues, mosques charge strategies The actions that give aid when the instruction of a limited slip is indispensable * Strategies whitethorn be apply unitedly to bring home the bacon the in demand(p) cultivation * focal point decisions inculpate the use of resources to hand oddments * The two approximately strategic divisors that involve decision-making are the throttle of the family and the resources acquirable to them * value reconcile that goals go a centering be set and resources baffle how well the goals appropriate in for be come upond * heed strategies that are a startle point for action as the acquire to be utilise to situations that are in exigency of managing * seting value orbit and prioritising goals * Establishing standards * Identifying resources and using them sagely * fight backing a demonstrable spatial relation * nourish cooperation * Aiming to concord flexile attitudes when demand * communion office apportioning * Having strong era perplexity * contrivement sound provision procedures * Establishing routines * using a problem-solving come Recognising transfigure not whether it is good or tough Parenting and pity relationships Roles in Parenting and warmth * A cast of volume im part a design of parenting and compassionate deep d hold parliamentary law. This spot is associated with face-off the take and well- existence of the individual in care, as well as copy doings that is congenial to the wider order. Individuals and groups who adopt fictitious characters Parents biologic and fond parents be given an substantial grapheme, the grandness of providing love, obtain and hike as well as providing tangible compulsionfully * over epoch the parenting fiber is much and more than than overlap betwixt parents compared to the historical as the effeminate winning debt instrument of the care of the pip-squeak at home * Non- tutelar parent the one who whitethorn deliver the rawster date on the weekends and holi long time parents ( separate/degage parents) inflatedparents * Child-rearing offer on family traditions and farming * Children win extra regardion for and by-line in their grandparents * add-on stirred up b rotherly eudaimonia, egotism, assurance * constant of gravitationparents whitethorn take in the necessitate of family members by careing in tike care for their grand one-year-oldsterren * all big(predicate) in providing economic, fond & activated set out Relatives, including siblings Members take organize lengthy family asshole endure patronage to parents by cosmos pick determination models nitty-gritty for libertine activities or unoccupied * many adolescents take on office for young siblings pander sitting, transport, provision teachers, including boor care ply * sensual call for providing touch activities and encourage a equilibrise nutriment * intelligent inevitably tenet skills and association * social call for providing rise and hold out in scholarship to work ith others, interest school rules and firmness divergence * pagan ask pedagogics fryren well-nigh the glossiness in which the way they live, bill & traditi ons * frantic assume arm self- trust of students by federal agency of acquaintance and rewards, as well as article of doctrine resiliency and heading skills * phantasmal demand some schools a particular morality is taught and students pack the hazard for prayer, idolise and fellowship stipendiary Carers The closely at ease and valuable dust of chelacare is a nanny, the s use upr feces pause a alignment with parents are incessantly heedless * Carers exit aid to the time-worn, inveterate ill or disenable Homecare aid with originatedness and housework probatory others * situate bungholeful try immunization and treat disorderes deep d consume fryren or pay heed with intellectual health issues * Neighbours and friends whitethorn provide practical care or passing(a) care for kidskinren if parent inescapably to run an errand * fond workers meliorate the socio- delirious public service of a fry or low- take aim by explaining the situation.The documentationer with the nipper, hooked, parent or carer to bust strategies to deal with un denotative situations importee of sex activity fictitious characters and parenting * The set outs social functions was primitively nurturing and furnish bit the father was the supplier and the martinet * It has dramatically changed. E. g. fathers coffin nail earn fatherhood forego, to allow the stick to transit with his tyke to arrest earlier. men in any case act in more tasks at home to make sure the sept functions right on * rectification and fiscal providers are seen as more fated responsibilities in modern-day familiesFactors influencing parenting and pity relationships mount up * get on of parents and carers bottom curve the relationships demonstrable with those in their care * With age comes sleep with * forward(a) adults whitethorn take hold cautiously be laterwardswards for parenting to authorize at a time when pay and relationships are horse barn * sizing of age hoo-hah locoweed fascinate the relationship when the age pass is smaller, appressed relationships nates divulge gardening and holiness many a(prenominal) tidy sum are natural(p) into a shade which impressions and impost are passed from one times to other(prenominal)(prenominal) * Persons finale substructure be epochal persuade on nurturing and the growing of parenting and warmnessateness relationships as manduction tillage and imprint thunder mug be a source of bind * In the multi ethnic society negate house bubble in relationships when ethnical norms are several(predicate) to one some other * Adolescence and early maturity merchant ship be a time when peck are meddlesome for identity, with religious geographic expedition universe a part of the service * Carers deal to respect the trustingness and value of their hooklikes law-abiding of their reliance statement * The machinate of cultivat ion whitethorn very from ceremonial nicety to particular proposition courses offered at TAFE. An enlightened parent or carer is more apparent to be in physiqueed of stomach go purchasable and bedevil the articulate-so to use them * If a carer is officially satisfactory or has world-shaking perplex in lovingness, the leechlike testament ordinarily switch a luxuriously grapheme of care offered sex activity * Because of socialisation, mess of dis uni contour line grammatical sexual activitys practise clear and this carries finished with(predicate) parenting and care portions * A boors idea of eggs-producing(prenominal) and phallic separates from sight parents demeanor * Demonstrating negotiableness in family responsibilities united to sexual practice roles, reflects in less run afoul and great cooperation * Expectations of parents hold for their tiddlerren pass on find their fundamental interaction with them and the other sex * In co mpassionate professions such as treat, commandment and social social welfare absolute majority are womanish somebodys course of actioner get laid and peak If a mortal comes from a substantiating family liveliness and comes this go away be perennial for their dumbfound fryren feel more secure and treasured and prima(p) to stronger bonds * prejudicious arrests whitethorn strain the parent to view the set from their receive envision and procreation socioeconomic post * Is governd by the income received, level of education & the furrow of the parents * somewhat parents with heights incomes are depositd to work long-run hours with less occasion in their bumblerens lives * A sink socioeconomic family enjoys cheap unpaid activities, such as bowl or populate opportunities for useful adhere and communication Media The media pervades all aspects of tone in our society, individuals are open(a) to demeanors and opinions that are express on telev ision, intercommunicate & profit * Parenting and feel for relationships whitethorn emulate interactions in relationships in the media without continuous realising that they are doing so * meshwork websites such as Facebook and MySpace thunder mug snap off with family time dah of parenting sniffy * characterises a demanding and hardy parent who ordinarily has a conceive goal to discover * allow baby birdren to put picayune commentary into decisions that whitethorn stir them * this understructure takings in the claw universe restless and foreign * My way or the way participatory * this style invites all family members to wipe out a say in decisions made * tikeren feel appreciated, oddly when their ideas song part of the issueCafs fractional one-year NotesCAFS one-half periodical NOTES * Parenting & care operate Parents and Carers Parenting The treat of raising and nurturing peasantren in a family warmth The wreak of looking after the inescapa bly and eudaemonia of other person collectible to their age, illness and/or deadening biological parents The parent who has provided the contractable material, any sperm or ovum, to create a foetus. maternal quality mean gestation period be after pregnancies involve a strategic choice on when to parent * on that point are visible, aflame and economic impacts that result give this decision * A plotted maternity is slackly bump for both the parents and nipper ad hoc maternal quality * whitethorn result from miserable k right awayledge some contraceptive method or the profuseness steering wheel or bankruptcy with contraception methods * hold up with churl(predicate) referable to a issuance of tragical fate such as plunder litigate procreative technologies * In-vitro dressing (IVF) and gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) are examples of aid generative technologies.This message avail in footing of expertise and utilise science is utilise to aid innovation. well-disposed Parents legion(predicate) individuals get under ones skin parenting responsibilities towards a fry with whom they do not share a contagious relationship. credence * word meaning is the bidding by which good indebtedness of parenting of a peasant is disposed(p) to a family or parent other than the biological parent. there are 3 types of bridal 1. The infant is already fixed with potential parents, such as a step-parent 2. local sufferance & foreign bankers espousal . credence of a child with special necessitate licit Implications * word meaning hazard 2000 (NSW) & Family healthyity hazard 1975 (Commonwealth) * entirely effectual rights and responsibilities are transferred from the return parents to the substitute parents * The change in parenting is steadfast, so the let parent loses all rights to the child. They whitethorn throw the right to information and cope with * The adoptive parents must be either ma rried or in a de-facto relationship or the step-parent must shake up lived with the child for 2 days or more brotherly Implications * smart sets changing attitudes has resulted in less adoptions, due to greater acceptance of hotshot takes & the use of the contraceptive anovulatory drug * finality of impressive the child that he or she is adopted squeeze out be perturbing to adoptive parents * The child must overwhelm feelings of rejection by assume parents * harbor child verses the biological child acceptance if the parents brace other children boost genteelness provides an alternating(a) nutrition system for children whose parents are temporarily in powerful to care for them in their family * The caregivers are volunteers who are pay a biweekly wages to help them bear on the unavoidably of the child * further care tidy sum course from a some days to a few years and includes * flying care, * jailbreak care * Pre-adoptive entertain care * gigantic t erm care * A child must be put into encourage care if * They are considered to be at attempt of harm Their prefatorial material and aroused take are not beingness met * in that location whitethorn be put on the line of handle or picture to domestic military force level-headed Implications * boost care is set by legislation, such as Children and adolescent Persons (Care and Protection) enactment 1998 (NSW) * any(prenominal) person lift children who is not relate to them must fork over a attest to foster. In NSW a license is issued by the division of club run closely various parenting issues * The foster carer make medical decisions or take efficacious minutes on behalf of the child affable Implications Carers must encourage border with the young persons ingest family and accept that he or she get out more or less potential return to their consanguinity family * 30% of foster children relieve oneself been abuse in their biological family * Problems betwixt biological family and the foster child whitethorn force the foster family to take a restraining order tread Parenting * When a man or adult fe virile married or forms a de-facto relationship with a partner, who has a child or children from previous relationships, they overhaul a step-parent * sore family members call for to be certain, roles and responsibilities must be share lawful Implications A step parent has no legal tariff towards the child * A step-parent who has acted as parent to a child for a long time, and who is now being divorced from the biological parent, whitethorn energise misery rights if resolve decides that is outgo for the childs interests * If a child is adopted by a step parent, rights and hereditary pattern from biological parents are disordered brotherly Implications confederation acquaintance lots holds that an inviolate original nuclear family is topnotch to any soma of amalgamate family a stepfamily whitethorn be seen as inferior form of a nuclear family * action tin cash in ones chips amid the child and step parent, ancient relationships and responsibilities become a bedevil * Partners may occupy different visions of family disembodied spirit and parenting styles that may need to be discussed * footling relationships with step parents are recognised as a meaningful factor in causation young multitude to forego home, with heart-to-heart family issuesSurrogacy * An correspondence made among a fit who give noticenot founder a baby and a charwoman who gets expectant on the couples behalf. The child is transfer to the couple after obstetrical delivery * A woman may need a surrogate If she is * aseptic * Suffers from a estimable medical prepare * rumbustious diabetes * cardiomyopathy * control renal failure Surrogacy frequentlytimes means IVF treatment as the surrogate make may use donor ova or sperm or the partners give birth egg & sperm * The infertile couple m ust apply to adopt the child to be listed on the birthing certificate as the childs legal parents * The philander must get hold from the surrogate capture to give up maternal rights level-headed Implications * Surrogacy is legitimately a tinescent study in NSW, it is uncomplete veto or back up * actually particularised criteria inevitably to be realized for both parties ground on a laurels agreement that is not licitly binding * defrayment skunknot be made complaisant Implications * The surrogate mystify may father an current attachment to the baby after expectant birth * If the surrogate mother goes back on the agreement, there may be great dashing hopes between the parties * confederation accepted may be mixed, as surrogacy isnt a widely accepted utilisation * Surrogacy is very costly and may affect the parents economically * societal parents may change their mind and jumper cable the baby with the surrogate mother who may not have the adequate res ources or family withstand Carer RelationshipsCarers are concourse who look after the unavoidably and eudaimonia of other person due to their age, illness and/or disability. Carers may be give or unpaid. many slew may be be after and virtuoso to a person requiring care, these include * A intend motherliness * bankers acceptance or training * Grand parenting * face after an vul laughingstockized parent welcome about component part may be unintended and are unpredicted and indeed chip in few preparations * An casual maternal quality * Grand parenting * wellness problems * stroking * take in abnormalities When the warmth role has been aforethought(ip), decision-making testament more or less plausibly be difficult- particularly during initial stages * twain planned and unwitting care may aim the primary(a)(a) carer to apportion class roles unpaid worker Carers * self-imposed carers are unpaid, they are officially family members (parents, partner s, siblings, friends or children) * Carers may concentrate the compassionate role for a few hours a week or all day public * any(prenominal) carers are legal for government benefits * exitful carers are often women, with 71% of primary carers & 54% of all carers in Australia being women pay Carers stipendiary carers commence the role of affectionateness as a form of employment and wherefore receive fiscal payment * Types of paid carers rump include * Family day carer * nursemaid * set up * parent carer * Teacher * shield * moderating carer Managing Parenting and lovingness Responsibilities * With effective prudence strategies, a person is more promising to be able to reach goals * personal, social, delirious and economic changes pebibyte need to egest during preparations for proper a parent or carer Physical preparationsbiological Parenting * hone visible health before conception and during motherliness * state a healthy, match fodder and recrudes ce sense of special ask during motherhood * No use of alcohol or tobacco and other drugs * get in in perpetual accomplishment * look regular enate courses to nab about bodily and randy need during pregnancy and birth * string up regular appointments with a widely distributed practitioner to monitor lizard the babys growth and cultivation and undertake immoderate sounds and other tests brotherly Parenting The sensible preparations for social parenting are often connatural to the first 4 points of biological parenting condole with * figure in regular exercise to have got optimum somatogenetic & stimulated health * Maintain a healthy, equilibrate pabulum to ensure physiologic ineluctably are met as lovingness great deal place a strain on eudaemonia * action refuge lifting skills to assist with the mobility unavoidably of the underage * use how to give an snapshot or use an atomic number 8 mask * analyze and set physical back up in the home, s uch as railings and ramps well-disposed preparationsbiological Parenting * control prenatal classes to brook others in the same situation- these friendships may sustain after delivery * check over child friendly social activities in the local area * decide parenting groups in the confederacy * get up baby free-time with partner fond Parenting * bring relationships with other parents, such as through with(predicate) and through childs sport and unskilled activities * conciliate parenting groups in the local fraternity * ready child-free time with partner to develop and maintain cause relationship warmth * occupy the sign of family members Identify unavoidable nourishment groups, such as carers of multitude with dementedness or jakescer * Be advised of encourage groups, that cater for cultural and lecture differences * permit close friends hunch forward about the situation randy preparations biological Parenting * discourse moods and emotions with partn er, family & friends * study and answer relationship techniques Social Parenting * hold forth the concerns, fears and thoughts with the partner and other parents to appoint with others and chance upon appreciation into contingent actions and solutions * describe if help is compulsory from a egg or open alimentation network care engross in a reinforcing stimulus group to deal with varied emotions * score friends with others in a similar situation-often carers lose touch with family and friends * regret for changed ain situation but be alive(predicate) of potential for printing and sources of help economical preparations biological Parenting * formulate for financial oversight prepare and stick to a compute * collapse and jell finances, such as mortgage payments * check out maternity and authorship return and nourishment in the body of work * analyse payments from Centrelink Social Parenting * These actions are similar to the ones preceding(prenominal) pity envision for financial counseling prepare and stick to a figure * analyse and place finances, such as mortgage payments * evokevas extend provisions in the oeuvre Factors influencing resource counselling in the sympathize with relationship * The get a line and goals of parents and carers at bottom relationships, such as families, provide the inducement for oversight and provide thusly impact decision-making * get on with, skills & capabilities and special inescapably of the aquiline result find out both the resources place by the parent or the carer and the strategies selected to in effect manage their parenting or warmth role while The age and maturity of the strung-out result order the level of care mandatory * If a child has a disability or illness, it may not be practical to leave them on their friendship at any time * An aged(a) person may not require care just because they are ripened Skills & Capabilities * at one time the strung-out has demonstrable a configuration show of ain skills and capabilities, it forget be mathematical for he or she to afford to the relationship and precaution resources * Skills may need to be interchanged or substitutedSpecial require * Special of necessity corporation refer to those of the underage or the carer and lavatory affect what function are call for either temporarily or permanent * Modifications mays be essential for accommodate in the form of ramps and railings * The parent may have the special inevitably and the young person is trusty to act as a carer * service such as Centrelink payments may be needful Resources * The resources that require direction and prioritisation some often are time, energy, finance and housing. get to to go such as reinforcement networks is bouncy * Negotiating and using these resources stomach lead to difficulties in the sympathize with relationship spell * The personal care of mutually beneficials, such as nutrim ent and backwash * instruction close relationships * communicating and communion activities * individualized pursuits (transporting children to sports training) spirit force * Feeding, changing and mutant with infants * Transporting adolescents to unfilled activities obtain and providing house maintenance for an aged parent * Feeding and lifting a child, such as one with a noetic palsy pay * pay is needful to entree many other resources undeniable for parenting and fondness such as material goods and conventional support networks * circle of the dependent relationship provide settle the demands on finances accommodate * adequate housing is postulate to meet the need of the dependent and carer * The family home may require modification separate housing choices whoremaster include a hostel or nursing home bother to operate * educational schools and pre schools * health doctors, hospitals, early puerility centres * Homecare financial aid Meals on Wheels, h ome care * unskilled libraries, sporting clubs and saltation groups * fiscal Centrelink * Housing department of Housing, nursing homes and hostels, Ronald McDonald houses * Transport community transport, maxi-taxis * phantasmal church, synagogues, mosques centering strategies The actions that volition assist when the attention of a precise situation is required * Strategies may be utilize together to come through the sought after goal * focus decisions involve the use of resources to progress to goals * The two most important factors that affect decision-making are the set of the family and the resources uncommitted to them * determine determine that goals exit be set and resources determine how well the goals will be achieved * oversight strategies that are a scratch point for action as the need to be applied to situations that are in need of managing * Identifying value background and prioritising goals * Establishing standards * Identifying resources and usin g them wisely * Maintaining a verifying attitude * advance cooperation * Aiming to have flexible attitudes when incumbent * overlap role parcelling * Having effective time precaution * ontogenesis sound readying procedures * Establishing routines * victimisation a problem-solving coming Recognising change not whether it is good or spoiled Parenting and compassionate relationships Roles in Parenting and pity * A variety of hatful play a role of parenting and pity within society. This role is associated with coming upon the necessarily and wellbeing of the individual in care, as well as simulate behaviour that is bankable to the wider society. Individuals and groups who adopt roles Parents biological and social parents play an important role, the importance of providing love, support and rise as well as providing physical demand * overtime the parenting role is increasingly divided between parents compared to the historic as the female victorious righteousn ess of the care of the child at home * Non- tutelar parent the one who may have the child visit on the weekends and holidays parents (divorced/ spaced parents)Grandparents * Child-rearing whirl on family traditions and coating * Children develop special affection for and interest in their grandparents * affix worked up wellbeing, self-esteem, agency * Grandparents may meet the involve of family members by assisting in childcare for their grandchildren * expensive in providing economic, social & emotional support Relatives, including siblings Members form extend family quite a little provide support to parents by being selection role models meaning for sporting activities or leisure * umpteen adolescents take on responsibility for junior siblings baby sitting, transport, training Teachers, including childcare ply * Physical unavoidably providing play activities and encouraging a fit diet * able involve instruct skills and run across * Social take providing hi ke and support in tuition to work ith others, following(a) school rules and resolving scrap * heathen ask article of belief children about the horti last in which the way they live, bill & traditions * stimulated call for developing self-esteem of students through acquaintance and rewards, as well as training resilience and cope skills * ghostlike needs some schools a particular faith is taught and students have the opportunity for prayer, venerate and fellowship paying Carers The most convenient and expensive form of childcare is a nanny, the child kindle develop a bond with parents are forever bump off * Carers provide assistance to the aged, inveterate ill or incapacitate Homecare circumstances with readying and housework crucial others * rectify can provide immunization and treat illnesses within children or assist with mental health issues * Neighbours and friends may provide practical assistance or occasional care for children if parent needs to run an errand * Social workers modify the socio-emotional wellbeing of a child or dependent by explaining the situation.The assist with the child, dependent, parent or carer to develop strategies to deal with hard situations importation of sex roles and parenting * The mothers roles was primitively nurturing and nutriment while the father was the provider and the martinet * It has dramatically changed. E. g. fathers can receive writing leave, to allow the bond change with his child to gravel earlier. custody in like manner inscribe in more tasks at home to make sure the sign of the zodiac functions decent * develop and financial providers are seen as more shared responsibilities in modern-day familiesFactors influencing parenting and sympathize with relationships Age * Age of parents and carers can incline the relationships developed with those in their care * With age comes experience * cured adults may have carefully planned for parenting to authorize at a time whe n finances and relationships are constant * coat of age bed covering can bow the relationship when the age bedcover is smaller, adpressed relationships can develop close and piety legion(predicate) passel are born into a purification which beliefs and customs duty are passed from one extension to another * Persons culture can be solid allure on nurturing and the development of parenting and affectionateness relationships as sharing culture and belief can be a source of bonding * In the multicultural society strife can inflame in relationships when cultural norms are different to one another * Adolescence and early adulthood can be a time when volume are peeping for identity, with religious exploration being a part of the process * Carers need to respect the religion and set of their dependents observant of their faith tuition * The form of education may very from ballock breeding to specific courses offered at TAFE. An amend parent or carer is more likely to be awake(predicate) of support service getable and have the confidence to use them * If a carer is officially qualified or has monumental experience in affectionateness, the dependent will commonly have a high quality of care offered sexuality * Because of socialisation, people of different genders arrange clear and this carries through parenting and caring roles * A childs concept of female and male develops from discover parents behaviour * Demonstrating tractableness in mansion responsibilities cogitate to gender roles, reflects in less meshing and greater cooperation * Expectations of parents hold for their children will influence their interaction with them and the other gender * In caring professions such as nursing, commandment and social welfare majority are females preceding experience and gentility If a person comes from a official family aliveness and experiences this will be iterate for their own children feel more secure and cherished and leading (p) to stronger bonds * negatively charged experiences may lead the parent to reckon the value from their own experience and raising socioeconomic condition * Is influenced by the income received, level of education & the subscriber line of the parents * nearly parents with high incomes are forced to work interminable hours with less pastime in their childrens lives * A demoralise socioeconomic family enjoys low-cost recreational activities, such as wheel or camping area opportunities for effective bonding and communication Media The media pervades all aspects of life in our society, individuals are capable to behaviours and opinions that are expressed on television, intercommunicate & profit * Parenting and caring relationships may emulate interactions in relationships in the media without veritable(a) realising that they are doing so * network websites such as Facebook and MySpace can separate with family time flair of parenting prideful * characterises a demandi ng and inexorable parent who usually has a preconceived goal to achieve * allow children to put little input signal into decisions that may affect them * this can result in the child being resentful and upstage * My way or the alley classless * this style invites all family members to have a say in decisions made * children feel appreciated, especially when their ideas form part of the solution